Observación de la Tierra y sistemas espaciales
Dependencia de los satélites para navegación, comunicaciones y observación; congestión orbital, desechos y exposición a la meteorología espacial.
1
Exposición al clima espacial
56
3 index domains
18
Space and near-Earth · Frontier and exponential technology.
64
Hazard science · Critical infrastructure and industrial systems.
Scope and questions
The subject of this index is proposed by NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk); the Nexus Reports edition with the same code sets its own subject at commissioning, and any difference is recorded as a crosswalk.
- Which services depend on space systems?
- How exposed are orbits to congestion and debris?
- What would a severe space-weather event disable?
Domain indices to the series index
The series index is the expert-weighted geometric mean of its domain indices, with the intervals and class rule of the methodology.
How the Earth observation and space systems index is built
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Exposición al clima espacialDomain index · IDX · SPC0–10 index of space-weather exposure as the product of the space-weather hazard and space-service dependence sub-indices; mostly modelled and expert inputs, so its grade is capped.
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Earth observation and space systems indexSeries index · SERIES · XT-07Dependencia de los satélites para navegación, comunicaciones y observación; congestión orbital, desechos y exposición a la meteorología espacial.
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Country readingsOutput · OUTPUT · 195 profilesPublished with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
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Regional readingsOutput · OUTPUT · 5 regionsPublished with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
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Global readingOutput · OUTPUT · population or exposure weightedPublished with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
Domain indices in this series
| Índice | Valor | Variación | Variación % | Intervalo del 90 % | Clase · probabilidad | Tendencia | Rango |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposición al clima espacialNXS-GRX · SPC |
– | – | – | – | – |
Domains read: Space environment, Technology and frontier, Infrastructure.
56 indicators in scope
Every indicator whose primary or secondary domain is in scope, with unit, levels and crosswalks to source code lists.
| Indicador | Dominio | Sub-domain | Componente | Unidad | Niveles | Crosswalks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependencia neta de las importaciones de minerales críticosIND.ECO.concentration.critical_minerals_import_reliance |
ECO | Export and import concentration | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | |
Comercio marítimo expuesto a puntos de estrangulamiento marítimosIND.ECO.supply_chain.chokepoint_exposure |
ECO | Supply-chain exposure | exposure | % |
COUNTRY | |
Nivel de diseño de la protección contra inundacionesIND.HAZ.flood.flood_protection_standard |
HAZ | Flood | coping capacity | a |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE | |
Superficie edificadaIND.HAZ.exposure.built_up_area |
HAZ | Exposición | context | km2 |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Superficie edificada en zonas de alta amenazaIND.HAZ.exposure.built_up_exposed |
HAZ | Exposición | exposure | km2 |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Densidad de carreterasIND.ENV.land.road_density |
ENV | Land and forests | hazard | km/km2 |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Residuos sólidos municipales gestionados en instalaciones controladasIND.ENV.pollution.msw_controlled_management.share |
ENV | Pollution and waste | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, CITY | SDG 11.6.1 EPI MSW |
Aguas residuales tratadas de forma seguraIND.WAT.quality.wastewater_safely_treated.share |
WAT | Water quality | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, CITY | SDG 6.3.1 EPI WWT |
Severe geomagnetic storm days per yearIND.SPC.weather.severe_geomagnetic_storm_days |
SPC | Clima espacial | hazard | d/a |
GLOBAL | UNDRR_HIPS_2025 ET0101 EMDAT nat-ext-spa-geo |
Amplitud del campo geoeléctrico con un periodo de retorno de 100 añosIND.SPC.weather.geoelectric_field_rp100 |
SPC | Clima espacial | hazard | V/km |
COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID | |
Strong solar radiation storm days per yearIND.SPC.weather.radiation_storm_days |
SPC | Clima espacial | hazard | d/a |
GLOBAL | UNDRR_HIPS_2025 ET0104 EMDAT nat-ext-spa-ene |
PIB en actividades dependientes de GNSS, proporciónIND.SPC.dependence.gnss_dependent_gdp.share |
SPC | Space-service dependence | exposure | % |
COUNTRY, PORTFOLIO | UNDRR_HIPS_2025 ET0102 |
Servicios críticos que dependen de satélites sin respaldo, proporciónIND.SPC.dependence.satellite_service_exposure.share |
SPC | Space-service dependence | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | |
Red de alta tensión en zonas de alta amenaza geoeléctrica, proporciónIND.SPC.dependence.grid_gic_exposure.share |
SPC | Space-service dependence | exposure | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | |
Tiempo de viaje hasta el centro de salud más cercanoIND.HLT.system.health_facility_travel_time |
HLT | Health system capacity | vulnerability | min |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Población urbana, porcentaje del totalIND.DEM.urbanisation.urban_share |
DEM | Urbanisation | context | % |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS |
Crecimiento de la población urbanaIND.DEM.urbanisation.urban_growth |
DEM | Urbanisation | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI SP.URB.GROW |
Población urbana que vive en barrios marginalesIND.DEM.urbanisation.slum_share |
DEM | Urbanisation | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS SDG 11.1.1 |
Cortes de electricidad sufridos por las empresas en un mes típicoIND.ENE.reliability.firm_power_outages |
ENE | Reliability | vulnerability | /mo |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI IC.ELC.OUTG |
Duración media de las interrupciones del sistema (SAIDI)IND.ENE.reliability.saidi |
ENE | Reliability | vulnerability | h/a |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | ISO_37120 ISO 37120:2018 |
Frecuencia media de las interrupciones del sistema (SAIFI)IND.ENE.reliability.saifi |
ENE | Reliability | vulnerability | /a |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | ISO_37120 ISO 37120:2018 |
Concentración de proveedores de importaciones de minerales críticosIND.ENE.minerals.critical_mineral_import_concentration |
ENE | Critical minerals | vulnerability | 1 |
COUNTRY | |
Población rural a menos de 2 km de una carretera transitable todo el añoIND.INF.transport.rural_road_access |
INF | Transport | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SDG 9.1.1 |
Desempeño logísticoIND.INF.transport.logistics_performance |
INF | Transport | coping capacity | {score} |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ |
Conectividad del transporte marítimo de línea respecto de la fronteraIND.INF.transport.liner_shipping_connectivity |
INF | Transport | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI IS.SHP.GCNW.XQ |
Pasajeros aéreos transportados per cápitaIND.INF.transport.air_passengers.pc |
INF | Transport | coping capacity | {passengers}/a/{person} |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI IS.AIR.PSGR |
Población urbana con acceso conveniente al transporte públicoIND.INF.transport.public_transport_access |
INF | Transport | coping capacity | % |
CITY, ADM1, COUNTRY | SDG 11.2.1 ISO_37120 ISO 37120:2018 |
Red vial y ferroviaria en zonas de alta amenaza, proporciónIND.INF.transport.network_exposed.share |
INF | Transport | exposure | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Personas que usan InternetIND.INF.digital.internet_users |
INF | Digital connectivity | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | SDG 17.8.1 WB_WDI IT.NET.USER.ZS |
Población cubierta por una red móvil, por tecnologíaIND.INF.digital.mobile_network_coverage |
INF | Digital connectivity | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SDG 9.c.1 |
Suscripciones de banda ancha fija por cada 100 habitantesIND.INF.digital.fixed_broadband |
INF | Digital connectivity | coping capacity | /10*2 |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SDG 17.6.1 WB_WDI IT.NET.BBND.P2 |
Redundancia de rutas de conectividad internacionalIND.INF.digital.international_connectivity_redundancy |
INF | Digital connectivity | coping capacity | 1 |
COUNTRY | |
Horas de interrupción de Internet a escala nacionalIND.INF.digital.internet_disruption_hours |
INF | Digital connectivity | impact | h/a |
COUNTRY | |
Resiliencia de la red eléctricaIND.INF.utilities.power_grid_resilience |
INF | Utilities | coping capacity | {score} |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | ISO_37123 ISO 37123:2019 |
Resiliencia de la red de abastecimiento de aguaIND.INF.utilities.water_network_resilience |
INF | Utilities | coping capacity | {score} |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | ISO_37123 ISO 37123:2019 |
Instalaciones críticas con energía de respaldo para 72 horasIND.INF.utilities.critical_facility_backup_power |
INF | Utilities | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | ISO_37123 ISO 37123:2019 |
Activos de abastecimiento de agua en zonas de alta amenaza, proporciónIND.INF.utilities.water_assets_exposed.share |
INF | Utilities | exposure | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Activos de generación y red eléctrica en zonas de alta amenaza, proporciónIND.INF.utilities.power_assets_exposed.share |
INF | Utilities | exposure | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Instalaciones vitales en zonas de alta amenaza, proporciónIND.INF.utilities.lifeline_facilities_exposed.share |
INF | Utilities | exposure | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID | |
Brecha de inversión en infraestructura, porcentaje del PIBIND.INF.utilities.infrastructure_investment_gap.gdp |
INF | Utilities | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | |
City electricity interruption hours per customerIND.INF.urban.power_interruption_hours |
INF | Urban systems | vulnerability | h/a |
CITY | ISO_37120 ISO 37120:2018 |
Unidades de infraestructura crítica dañadas o destruidas por desastresIND.INF.disruption.critical_infrastructure_damage |
INF | Service disruption | impact | 1 |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SENDAI D-1 SDG 11.5.2 |
Centros de salud dañados o destruidos por desastresIND.INF.disruption.health_facilities_damaged |
INF | Service disruption | impact | 1 |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SENDAI D-2 |
Centros educativos dañados o destruidos por desastresIND.INF.disruption.education_facilities_damaged |
INF | Service disruption | impact | 1 |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SENDAI D-3 |
Interrupciones de servicios básicos atribuidas a desastresIND.INF.disruption.basic_service_disruptions |
INF | Service disruption | impact | 1 |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SENDAI D-5 |
Pérdidas económicas directas en infraestructura crítica, porcentaje del PIBIND.INF.disruption.critical_infrastructure_loss.gdp |
INF | Service disruption | impact | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1 | SENDAI C-5 |
Ciberincidentes que interrumpen servicios críticosIND.CYB.incidents.critical_sector_incidents |
CYB | Incidents | impact | 1 |
COUNTRY | |
Gasto interno bruto en I+D, porcentaje del PIBIND.TEC.capability.rd_expenditure.gdp |
TEC | Technology capability | adaptive capacity | % |
COUNTRY | SDG 9.5.1 WB_WDI GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS |
Investigadores por millón de habitantesIND.TEC.capability.researchers_per_million |
TEC | Technology capability | adaptive capacity | /10*6 |
COUNTRY | SDG 9.5.2 WB_WDI SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6 |
Exportaciones de alta tecnología, porcentaje de las exportaciones de manufacturasIND.TEC.capability.high_tech_exports |
TEC | Technology capability | adaptive capacity | % |
COUNTRY | WB_WDI TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS SDG 9.b.1 |
Concentración de proveedores de importaciones de semiconductoresIND.TEC.concentration.semiconductor_import_concentration |
TEC | Concentration and dependence | vulnerability | 1 |
COUNTRY | |
Concentración de proveedores de infraestructura en la nubeIND.TEC.concentration.cloud_provider_concentration |
TEC | Concentration and dependence | vulnerability | 1 |
COUNTRY | |
Capacidad de cómputo de IA bajo control extranjero o de un único proveedorIND.TEC.ai.ai_compute_foreign_control |
TEC | Inteligencia artificial | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | |
Concentración de proveedores de modelos fundacionalesIND.TEC.ai.foundation_model_concentration |
TEC | Inteligencia artificial | vulnerability | % |
COUNTRY | |
Supervisión de la bioseguridad y la bioprotección de los laboratorios de alta contenciónIND.TEC.bio.biosecurity_lab_oversight |
TEC | Biotecnología | coping capacity | {score} |
COUNTRY | |
Población a menos de 15 minutos de los servicios de emergenciaIND.CRS.response.emergency_service_access |
CRS | Response capacity | coping capacity | % |
COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY | ISO_37120 ISO 37120:2018 |
Hazard families this series reads
families, each crosswalked to the UNDRR–ISC Hazard Information Profiles (2025) where a profile exists.
| Familia | Dominio | Amenazas | Count |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar-terrestrial storms | Espacio y entorno cercano a la Tierra | Geomagnetic storm, Solar flare radio blackout, Solar radiation storm, Ionospheric disturbance, Geomagnetically induced current, Satellite space-environment anomaly, Thermospheric drag surge, Radiation-belt electron enhancement … | 9 |
| Impacts and orbital hazards | Espacio y entorno cercano a la Tierra | Near-Earth object approach, Meteorite impact, Airburst, Space debris, Orbital collision cascade, Uncontrolled re-entry, Spaceflight accident, Meteoroid stream encounter | 8 |
| AI system failure and misalignment | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | AI malfunction in a critical service, Out-of-distribution model failure, Correlated failure of shared AI models, Reliance on fabricated AI output, Specification gaming and reward hacking, Deceptive or strategically misaligned AI, Loss of human control over advanced AI, AI self-replication and exfiltration … | 11 |
| AI security and model supply chain | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Theft of frontier model weights, Backdoored AI model, AI model supply-chain compromise, Prompt injection against AI agents, AI-enabled cyber offence, Attack on AI compute infrastructure, Adversarial manipulation of machine learning | 7 |
| AI misuse and capability uplift | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | AI uplift for biological weapons, AI uplift for chemical weapons, Synthetic media at scale, Non-consensual synthetic intimate imagery, AI-driven mass persuasion, AI-enabled mass surveillance and repression, AI-enabled seizure or entrenchment of power, Malicious use of AI | 8 |
| Agentic AI acting at scale | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Runaway autonomous agent action, Multi-agent interaction cascade, Algorithmic market flash crash, Human deskilling and over-reliance on AI, Gradual human disempowerment by AI, Autonomous agent overreach | 6 |
| Algorithmic decision and structural harm | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Harmful automated decision-making, Clinical AI error, Rapid AI-driven labour displacement, Concentration of frontier AI capability, Competitive AI race and safety erosion, Degradation of the shared knowledge base, Recommender-system amplification harm, Harm from AI companions and chatbots … | 12 |
| Robotics, autonomy and autonomous weapons | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Lethal autonomous weapon use, Drone swarm attack, Weaponised small drone attack, Drone intrusion into protected airspace, AI-accelerated military escalation, AI in nuclear command, control and warning, Industrial and service robot injury, Autonomous vehicle system failure … | 10 |
| Biotecnología y biología sintética | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Engineered pandemic pathogen, Dual-use research of concern, Benchtop DNA synthesis misuse, Biological design tool misuse, Automated biofoundry accident, Gene drive escape, Engineered organism escape into the environment, Mirror-image organism creation or release … | 10 |
| Nanotechnology and advanced materials | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Engineered nanomaterial exposure, High-aspect-ratio nanofibre inhalation, Nanomaterial accumulation in the environment, Uncontrolled self-replicating nanomachines, Molecular manufacturing arms race | 5 |
| Neurotechnology, human enhancement and extended reality | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Brain-computer interface failure, Neural device compromise, Neural data exploitation, Cognitive enhancement harm and coercion, Heritable human genome editing harm, Extended-reality physical and psychological harm, Manipulation of augmented perception | 7 |
| Quantum technology and cryptographic transition | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Cryptographically relevant quantum computer, Harvest-now, decrypt-later collection, Post-quantum migration failure, Quantum sensing erosion of strategic concealment | 4 |
| Tecnologías de intervención climática | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Solar geoengineering termination shock, Stratospheric aerosol injection side effects, Marine cloud brightening side effects, Unilateral or rogue geoengineering deployment, Ocean fertilisation side effects, Ocean alkalinity enhancement side effects, Large-scale carbon removal land and water competition, Geological carbon storage leakage … | 11 |
| Space technology and orbital infrastructure | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Destructive anti-satellite strike, Non-kinetic counterspace attack, Mega-constellation orbital congestion, Constellation-wide service failure, Upper-atmosphere pollution from launches and re-entries, Satellite interference with sky observation, Back-contamination from extraterrestrial samples | 7 |
| Digital infrastructure concentration and monoculture | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Critical open-source dependency failure, Advanced semiconductor fabrication concentration, Digital identity and trust service failure | 3 |
| Advanced and distributed manufacturing | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | 3D-printed and untraceable firearms, Distributed production of weapon components, Additively manufactured critical part failure | 3 |
| Energy-transition technology failures | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Lithium battery fire in vehicles and transport, Mass manipulation of connected energy devices, Advanced reactor material security risk, Critical mineral supply concentration | 4 |
| Distributed ledgers and digital assets | Tecnologías de frontera y exponenciales | Smart-contract and oracle exploit | 1 |
Method libraries
Each method has a reference implementation or declares the specialist model, data or adapter it still needs; none is promoted beyond its evidence.
Ciencia de las amenazas
Hazard Intensity Footprint Screening · Earthquake Hazard · Earthquake Ground Motion · Earthquake Rupture · Liquefaction · Landslide · Tsunami …
Infraestructura crítica y sistemas industriales
Asset Reliability · Process Safety · HAZOP · FMEA FMECA · Industrial Fault Tree · Industrial Event Tree · LOPA …
Who uses it
Governments and national risk agencies
Prioritise prevention and preparedness. Plan with subnational layers. Track Sendai targets. Co-develop a national index.
Insurers, reinsurers and risk pools
Read hazard, exposure and protection-gap context. Run scenario and tail analytics. Study parametric index design questions.
Companies and supply chains
Screen sites and suppliers. Watch chokepoints and pulse. Read country context.
Nexus Reports
- Edition code
XT-07- Edition status
- prevista
- Asunto
- Set by Nexus Reports at commissioning
Citar y reutilizar
- Series key
grix:SER.XT-07:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A- Domain keys
nis:IDX.SPC.weather.space_weather_exposure:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A
Every country reads this series
Each country profile carries the domain indices this series is built from.
Estado
La metodología, la estructura y las definiciones de The Global Risks Index son un borrador de trabajo preparatorio (2026), difundido para examen y comentarios y no para su aplicación. Ningún valor aparece hasta que se publica una edición a partir de un corte de evidencia gobernado; los valores incluyen entonces intervalos, clases, fuentes y su vía de corrección. Los simuladores aplican los métodos publicados a las cifras que usted elija y nunca muestran un valor del NXS-GRX.
Lo que NXS-GRX no es
NXS-GRX es información de investigación y analítica de riesgos. No es una calificación crediticia ni ESG y no usa ninguna escala de calificación; no es un índice de referencia para instrumentos financieros, ni estadística oficial, ni una alerta de emergencia o clasificación oficial, ni asesoramiento. No debe usarse para evaluar a personas físicas. Las clases de riesgo son bandas en una escala publicada, nunca clasificaciones de países ni de personas.
Instituciones y fuentes
The Nexus Consortium is stewarded by three independent not-for-profit institutions: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), through GCRI US in Washington, DC and GCRI Canada in Ontario, with GCRI Canada as Lead Institution, Consortium Secretariat and lead contracting organisation; The Global Risks Forum (GRF); and The Global Risks Alliance (GRA). Technology, infrastructure and service providers work with the Consortium at arm’s length under written agreements, like every other external party in the public-private-planet model, and hold no role in its stewardship.
Cada valor lleva la atribución de sus fuentes, que conservan sus propias licencias. Los nombres externos se citan únicamente a efectos de interoperabilidad. Los textos de autoría de Nexus están destinados a publicarse bajo CC BY 4.0.
Avis en français
La méthodologie et les définitions du NXS-GRX sont un projet de travail préparatoire (2026). Le NXS-GRX est une information de recherche et d’analyse des risques : ni notation, ni indice de référence financier, ni statistique officielle, ni alerte, ni conseil. Les classes de risque sont des bandes sur une échelle publiée, non des classements.