England
First-level unit, United Kingdom: people, area, the units inside and neighbours, with risk values when released.
Inside England
The 151 ADM2 units of England.
People, area and density
Source observations from open grids summed inside the boundary; not index values.
55,843,736
84.7% of United Kingdom.
57,155,840
+2% against GHSL; the two grids differ in method.
130,203 km²
429 people per km².
GB-ENG
Subdivision code as carried by the boundary source.
5,244,436
people on land at or below 10 m, 9.4% of the unit (GEBCO 2024 and GHSL 2025).
151 units inside England
Each unit has its own page.
Boundary licences: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) · Open Government Licence v3.0.
| Unit | Code | People (GHSL) | People (WorldPop) | Area km² | Per km² | Share | Coast ≤ 10 m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barking and Dagenham | – | 89,448 | 93,580 | 36.93 | 2,422 | 0.2% | 79,626 |
| Barnet | – | 525,788 | 477,468 | 86.35 | 6,089 | 0.9% | 0 |
| Barnsley | – | 238,493 | 252,175 | 326.1 | 731 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Bath and North East Somerset | – | 173,275 | 189,709 | 347.58 | 499 | 0.3% | 272 |
| Bedford | – | 184,696 | 220,266 | 474.18 | 390 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Bexley | – | 243,408 | 239,116 | 60.21 | 4,043 | 0.4% | 53,143 |
| Birmingham | – | 1,089,500 | 1,102,098 | 268.16 | 4,063 | 1.9% | 0 |
| Blackburn with Darwen | – | 140,190 | 146,905 | 138.9 | 1,009 | 0.2% | 0 |
| Blackpool | – | 123,522 | 125,805 | 33.57 | 3,680 | 0.2% | 43,890 |
| Bolton | – | 235,902 | 244,075 | 138.23 | 1,707 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | – | 363,956 | 366,834 | 162.11 | 2,245 | 0.6% | 54,224 |
| Bracknell Forest | – | 100,732 | 116,437 | 107.9 | 934 | 0.2% | 0 |
| Bradford | – | 569,716 | 565,528 | 367.1 | 1,552 | 1% | 0 |
| Brent | – | 146,831 | 153,613 | 44.02 | 3,336 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Brighton and Hove | – | 251,557 | 224,203 | 86.62 | 2,904 | 0.4% | 10,767 |
| Bristol, City of | – | 479,269 | 481,286 | 110.03 | 4,356 | 0.8% | 8,520 |
| Bromley | – | 344,687 | 324,448 | 149.68 | 2,303 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Buckinghamshire | – | 560,323 | 621,553 | 1,569.68 | 357 | 1% | 0 |
| Bury | – | 203,906 | 212,628 | 100.4 | 2,031 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Calderdale | – | 252,012 | 242,224 | 366.26 | 688 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Cambridgeshire | – | 690,849 | 748,203 | 3,044.59 | 227 | 1.2% | 219,918 |
| Camden | – | 220,690 | 176,090 | 21.2 | 10,410 | 0.4% | 13,847 |
| Central Bedfordshire | – | 328,278 | 384,409 | 706.74 | 464 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Cheshire East | – | 352,142 | 386,934 | 1,164.84 | 302 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Cheshire West and Chester | – | 344,624 | 380,253 | 915.23 | 377 | 0.6% | 41,233 |
| City of London | – | 37,530 | 34,290 | 2.5 | 15,012 | 0.1% | 0 |
| Cornwall | – | 473,644 | 506,714 | 3,568.54 | 133 | 0.8% | 12,150 |
| County Durham | – | 529,589 | 547,498 | 2,222.82 | 238 | 0.9% | 741 |
| Coventry | – | 305,100 | 282,601 | 99.48 | 3,067 | 0.5% | 0 |
| Croydon | – | 410,026 | 403,273 | 85.7 | 4,784 | 0.7% | 0 |
| Cumbria | – | 475,830 | 469,314 | 6,803.02 | 70 | 0.8% | 22,668 |
| Darlington | – | 106,215 | 109,164 | 198.08 | 536 | 0.2% | 0 |
| Derby | – | 241,219 | 252,006 | 78.01 | 3,092 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Derbyshire | – | 847,895 | 840,785 | 2,540.92 | 334 | 1.5% | 0 |
| Devon | – | 788,362 | 861,195 | 6,564.51 | 120 | 1.4% | 40,184 |
| Doncaster | – | 312,032 | 314,746 | 566.18 | 551 | 0.6% | 118,772 |
| Dorset | – | 373,380 | 364,751 | 2,484.7 | 150 | 0.7% | 24,520 |
| Dudley | – | 206,731 | 200,830 | 96.95 | 2,132 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Ealing | – | 421,793 | 397,503 | 54.53 | 7,735 | 0.7% | 2,882 |
| East Riding of Yorkshire | – | 356,330 | 364,117 | 2,398.45 | 149 | 0.6% | 167,264 |
| East Sussex | – | 517,881 | 510,447 | 1,718.43 | 301 | 0.9% | 84,414 |
| Enfield | – | 486,469 | 444,831 | 82.74 | 5,879 | 0.9% | 1,378 |
| Essex | – | 1,509,958 | 1,606,660 | 3,447.83 | 438 | 2.7% | 142,775 |
| Gateshead | – | 135,595 | 130,665 | 145.02 | 935 | 0.2% | 3,173 |
| Gloucestershire | – | 608,267 | 661,116 | 2,676.88 | 227 | 1.1% | 22,925 |
| Greenwich | – | 246,675 | 245,673 | 47.46 | 5,198 | 0.4% | 60,512 |
| Hackney | – | 565,643 | 516,801 | 19.77 | 28,611 | 1% | 81,093 |
| Halton | – | 128,643 | 130,387 | 80.01 | 1,608 | 0.2% | 16,612 |
| Hammersmith and Fulham | – | 183,378 | 160,147 | 17.53 | 10,461 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Hampshire | – | 1,306,309 | 1,349,330 | 3,665.25 | 356 | 2.3% | 93,085 |
| Haringey | – | 252,426 | 210,715 | 28.55 | 8,842 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Harrow | – | 328,019 | 311,027 | 51.61 | 6,356 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Hartlepool | – | 72,842 | 70,404 | 96.41 | 756 | 0.1% | 14,206 |
| Havering | – | 298,760 | 309,084 | 113.42 | 2,634 | 0.5% | 67,743 |
| Herefordshire, County of | – | 192,724 | 190,214 | 2,173.58 | 89 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Hertfordshire | – | 1,188,471 | 1,243,935 | 1,635.77 | 727 | 2.1% | 0 |
| Hillingdon | – | 317,691 | 320,027 | 115.14 | 2,759 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Hounslow | – | 243,194 | 238,667 | 54.91 | 4,429 | 0.4% | 25,735 |
| Isle of Wight | – | 112,762 | 111,533 | 379.5 | 297 | 0.2% | 5,751 |
| Isles of Scilly | – | 962 | 731 | 14.67 | 66 | 0% | 0 |
| Islington | – | 172,887 | 137,947 | 15.1 | 11,449 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Kensington and Chelsea | – | 252,704 | 210,947 | 11.66 | 21,673 | 0.4% | 41,622 |
| Kent | – | 1,495,360 | 1,588,732 | 3,532.67 | 423 | 2.7% | 163,608 |
| Kingston upon Hull, City of | – | 200,694 | 191,832 | 71.14 | 2,821 | 0.4% | 193,921 |
| Kingston upon Thames | – | 159,236 | 152,205 | 37.88 | 4,204 | 0.3% | 1,281 |
| Kirklees | – | 405,478 | 385,545 | 403.9 | 1,004 | 0.7% | 0 |
| Knowsley | – | 104,141 | 107,252 | 85.96 | 1,212 | 0.2% | 2,484 |
| Lambeth | – | 491,755 | 449,293 | 26.61 | 18,480 | 0.9% | 143,135 |
| Lancashire | – | 1,264,823 | 1,333,122 | 2,886.35 | 438 | 2.2% | 216,131 |
| Leeds | – | 839,608 | 889,131 | 548.63 | 1,530 | 1.5% | 861 |
| Leicester | – | 327,749 | 343,922 | 73.34 | 4,469 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Leicestershire | – | 745,098 | 803,707 | 2,079.52 | 358 | 1.3% | 62 |
| Lewisham | – | 336,449 | 339,830 | 34.24 | 9,826 | 0.6% | 94,991 |
| Lincolnshire | – | 737,233 | 772,035 | 5,927.87 | 124 | 1.3% | 351,177 |
| Liverpool | – | 419,863 | 425,031 | 112.69 | 3,726 | 0.7% | 6,489 |
| Luton | – | 151,405 | 167,920 | 43.92 | 3,447 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Manchester | – | 598,947 | 604,479 | 111.51 | 5,371 | 1.1% | 0 |
| Medway | – | 230,626 | 247,393 | 190.19 | 1,213 | 0.4% | 55,336 |
| Merton | – | 102,650 | 89,644 | 37.24 | 2,756 | 0.2% | 0 |
| Middlesbrough | – | 134,676 | 138,963 | 52.71 | 2,555 | 0.2% | 36,628 |
| Milton Keynes | – | 255,264 | 300,343 | 308.32 | 828 | 0.5% | 0 |
| Newcastle upon Tyne | – | 341,304 | 351,141 | 114.21 | 2,988 | 0.6% | 28,522 |
| Newham | – | 388,539 | 382,050 | 36.34 | 10,692 | 0.7% | 299,215 |
| Norfolk | – | 874,172 | 919,651 | 5,351.57 | 163 | 1.5% | 193,266 |
| North East Lincolnshire | – | 147,475 | 143,433 | 189.76 | 777 | 0.3% | 73,376 |
| North Lincolnshire | – | 177,426 | 173,897 | 848.16 | 209 | 0.3% | 67,383 |
| North Somerset | – | 209,844 | 222,134 | 373.43 | 562 | 0.4% | 92,541 |
| North Tyneside | – | 178,613 | 183,076 | 82.83 | 2,156 | 0.3% | 1,833 |
| North Yorkshire | – | 647,736 | 659,611 | 8,023.62 | 81 | 1.1% | 67,337 |
| Northamptonshire | – | 706,720 | 815,625 | 2,358.46 | 300 | 1.3% | 0 |
| Northumberland | – | 336,680 | 337,490 | 5,014.22 | 67 | 0.6% | 31,098 |
| Nottingham | – | 334,328 | 330,278 | 75.62 | 4,421 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Nottinghamshire | – | 905,035 | 914,109 | 2,081.27 | 435 | 1.6% | 18,442 |
| Oldham | – | 245,649 | 263,854 | 143.51 | 1,712 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Oxfordshire | – | 754,092 | 836,977 | 2,598.87 | 290 | 1.3% | 0 |
| Peterborough | – | 213,034 | 224,738 | 340.97 | 625 | 0.4% | 83,902 |
| Plymouth | – | 215,703 | 220,157 | 82.18 | 2,625 | 0.4% | 24,668 |
| Portsmouth | – | 99,400 | 99,400 | 38.61 | 2,574 | 0.2% | 85,757 |
| Reading | – | 115,113 | 130,755 | 41.2 | 2,794 | 0.2% | 0 |
| Redbridge | – | 493,243 | 464,869 | 56.57 | 8,719 | 0.9% | 30,023 |
| Redcar and Cleveland | – | 115,186 | 117,347 | 247.74 | 465 | 0.2% | 15,439 |
| Richmond upon Thames | – | 467,200 | 425,175 | 58.97 | 7,923 | 0.8% | 227,342 |
| Rochdale | – | 208,788 | 210,347 | 155.69 | 1,341 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Rotherham | – | 301,465 | 306,745 | 288.18 | 1,046 | 0.5% | 261 |
| Rutland | – | 56,855 | 60,279 | 390.83 | 145 | 0.1% | 0 |
| Salford | – | 291,981 | 317,939 | 97.63 | 2,991 | 0.5% | 0 |
| Sandwell | – | 376,526 | 397,636 | 84.95 | 4,432 | 0.7% | 0 |
| Sefton | – | 300,062 | 292,380 | 153.04 | 1,961 | 0.5% | 68,234 |
| Sheffield | – | 544,786 | 527,280 | 365.48 | 1,491 | 1% | 0 |
| Shropshire | – | 337,965 | 349,761 | 3,177.67 | 106 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Slough | – | 146,705 | 158,866 | 32.1 | 4,570 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Solihull | – | 238,353 | 240,388 | 176.95 | 1,347 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Somerset | – | 565,012 | 612,438 | 3,452.03 | 164 | 1% | 96,750 |
| South Gloucestershire | – | 282,225 | 294,679 | 498.36 | 566 | 0.5% | 14,910 |
| South Tyneside | – | 177,034 | 172,845 | 62.51 | 2,832 | 0.3% | 23,190 |
| Southampton | – | 194,391 | 181,428 | 51.34 | 3,786 | 0.3% | 54,239 |
| Southend-on-Sea | – | 30,255 | 28,919 | 44.52 | 680 | 0.1% | 21,238 |
| Southwark | – | 411,980 | 376,406 | 30.15 | 13,664 | 0.7% | 143,231 |
| St. Helens | – | 211,949 | 220,744 | 135.48 | 1,564 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Staffordshire | – | 986,506 | 980,965 | 2,619.58 | 377 | 1.7% | 0 |
| Stockport | – | 360,900 | 373,036 | 125.11 | 2,885 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Stockton-on-Tees | – | 198,645 | 198,836 | 206.45 | 962 | 0.4% | 35,111 |
| Stoke-on-Trent | – | 248,110 | 248,752 | 92.76 | 2,675 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Suffolk | – | 686,554 | 689,094 | 3,810.22 | 180 | 1.2% | 71,531 |
| Sunderland | – | 275,668 | 269,558 | 135.99 | 2,027 | 0.5% | 3,619 |
| Surrey | – | 1,264,878 | 1,314,548 | 1,662.33 | 761 | 2.2% | 9,717 |
| Sutton | – | 231,554 | 232,966 | 44.33 | 5,223 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Swindon | – | 223,092 | 251,260 | 227.04 | 983 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Tameside | – | 150,318 | 157,263 | 101.8 | 1,477 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Telford and Wrekin | – | 167,530 | 190,871 | 290.85 | 576 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Thurrock | – | 165,923 | 189,723 | 160.53 | 1,034 | 0.3% | 64,854 |
| Torbay | – | 121,072 | 129,389 | 65.26 | 1,855 | 0.2% | 5,856 |
| Tower Hamlets | – | 220,690 | 264,375 | 19.61 | 11,254 | 0.4% | 131,549 |
| Trafford | – | 249,853 | 252,494 | 107.63 | 2,321 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Wakefield | – | 286,115 | 299,893 | 336.08 | 851 | 0.5% | 0 |
| Walsall | – | 296,091 | 301,225 | 103.69 | 2,856 | 0.5% | 0 |
| Waltham Forest | – | 286,723 | 274,064 | 39.12 | 7,329 | 0.5% | 83,028 |
| Wandsworth | – | 455,058 | 395,806 | 34.51 | 13,186 | 0.8% | 121,228 |
| Warrington | – | 197,356 | 208,629 | 178.01 | 1,109 | 0.3% | 15,324 |
| Warwickshire | – | 705,835 | 749,107 | 1,968.02 | 359 | 1.3% | 0 |
| West Berkshire | – | 179,000 | 180,469 | 699.1 | 256 | 0.3% | 0 |
| West Sussex | – | 784,801 | 850,631 | 1,991.04 | 394 | 1.4% | 196,861 |
| Westminster | – | 264,375 | 201,634 | 22.86 | 11,565 | 0.5% | 0 |
| Wigan | – | 330,107 | 328,037 | 187.67 | 1,759 | 0.6% | 0 |
| Wiltshire | – | 496,391 | 536,233 | 3,248.55 | 153 | 0.9% | 0 |
| Windsor and Maidenhead | – | 161,883 | 165,863 | 196.79 | 823 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Wirral | – | 255,903 | 250,953 | 155.68 | 1,644 | 0.5% | 32,619 |
| Wokingham | – | 168,838 | 187,755 | 178.56 | 946 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Wolverhampton | – | 245,197 | 251,111 | 69.24 | 3,541 | 0.4% | 0 |
| Worcestershire | – | 638,959 | 683,530 | 1,737.87 | 368 | 1.1% | 0 |
| York | – | 205,848 | 204,123 | 274.56 | 750 | 0.4% | 17,168 |
Open exposure layers
Count of H3 resolution-3 cells whose centre falls in the unit and that carry each Natural Earth layer.
- Urban areas
- 15,317 H3 cells
- Ports
- 13 H3 cells
- Airports
- 7 H3 cells
- Major roads
- 9,432.4 H3 cells
- Railways
- 7,064 H3 cells
- Rivers and lakes
- 604.9 H3 cells
Risk values
Sources, credits and licences
- ADM1 boundaries
- geoBoundaries (William & Mary geoLab), gbOpen GBR ADM1, source: Eurostat- European Commission, licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) · source · represents 2021
- ADM2 boundaries
- geoBoundaries (William & Mary geoLab), gbOpen GBR ADM2, source: Office for National Statistics Open Geography Portal, licence: Open Government Licence v3.0 · source · represents 2019
- ADM3 boundaries
- geoBoundaries (William & Mary geoLab), gbOpen GBR ADM3, source: Office for National Statistics, licence: Open Government Licence v3.0 · source · represents 2020
- Basemap
- OpenFreeMap © OpenMapTiles (CC BY 4.0) · data © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL 1.0). Vector tiles requested by the reader’s browser, unmodified; the map falls back to plain land and sea when the host does not answer.
- Terrain
- Terrain Tiles (Mapzen, AWS Open Data), compiled from SRTM and other public elevation sources (NASA, USGS, ETOPO1, GMTED, EU-DEM under the Copernicus programme, Geoscience Australia, Kartverket, INEGI, LINZ, data.gov.uk). Display relief, not survey data.
- People
- GHSL 2025 population grid, European Commission Joint Research Centre (CC BY 4.0), shown at 0.05° and summed per unit; WorldPop 2025 (CC BY 4.0) as a second estimate. Units smaller than a grid cell take the density of the cell under them.
- Countries
- Natural Earth (public domain).
- Elevation
- GEBCO Compilation Group (2024) GEBCO 2024 Grid (public domain), reduced to 0.05°: the share of each cell’s land at or below 10 m, weighted by GHSL 2025 people for the low coastal zone.
- Position
- Boundaries are shown for location only and take no position on any boundary, name or status.
Status
The methodology, structure and definitions of The Global Risks Index are a preparatory working draft (2026), circulated for review and comment and not for implementation. No value appears until an edition is released from a governed evidence cut; values then carry intervals, classes, sources and their correction pathway. Simulators run the published methods on numbers you choose and never show a NXS-GRX value.
A country profile reads public evidence about a place. It is not a statement by or about the policy of any government, takes no position on the status of any territory, and does not imply a national programme or participation. Names follow UN M49.
What NXS-GRX is not
NXS-GRX is research and risk-analytics information. It is not a credit or ESG rating and uses no rating scale, not a benchmark for financial instruments, not official statistics, not an emergency warning or official classification, and not advice. It must not be used to evaluate natural persons. Risk classes are bands on a published scale, never rankings of countries or people.
Pulse signals and outlook probabilities are information for review by competent authorities, never public warnings; official warnings come only from mandated authorities.
Institutions and sources
The Nexus Consortium is stewarded by three independent not-for-profit institutions: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), through GCRI US in Washington, DC and GCRI Canada in Ontario, with GCRI Canada as Lead Institution, Consortium Secretariat and lead contracting organisation; The Global Risks Forum (GRF); and The Global Risks Alliance (GRA). Technology, infrastructure and service providers work with the Consortium at arm’s length under written agreements, like every other external party in the public-private-planet model, and hold no role in its stewardship.
Every value carries the attribution of its sources, which keep their own licences. External names are cited for interoperability only. Nexus-authored text is intended for CC BY 4.0 on release.
Avis en français
La méthodologie et les définitions du NXS-GRX sont un projet de travail préparatoire (2026). Le NXS-GRX est une information de recherche et d’analyse des risques : ni notation, ni indice de référence financier, ni statistique officielle, ni alerte, ni conseil. Les classes de risque sont des bandes sur une échelle publiée, non des classements.