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Global Risks Index

NXS-GRX-BRA · South America · Regions

Parana

First-level unit, Brazil: people, area, the units inside and neighbours, with risk values when released.

Map All 27 first-level units
Page GRX-BRA-REdition Baseline Edition 2026Evidence close 2026-09-30ISO BRA / BRStatus UN member stateValues not yet publishedMethod v1.0.0-draft
11,626,627
人（GHSL 2025）
199,287 km²
面积
5.4%
of Brazil
398
所辖单位

01地图

Inside Parana

The 398 ADM2 units of Parana.

FIG 1 · 398 units inside Parana
正在加载地图

单位高度随每 km² 人口升高 · GHSL 2025 栅格 · 地形 · ADM1 ADM2风险值将在发布时提供
最低五分位较低五分位中间五分位较高五分位最高五分位无数据
柱高和颜色表示各单位每 km² 人口，按所示单位的五分位数分级（地图图例给出分界值）；网格上无人口的单位显示为灰色，不属于最低一级；底层栅格为 GHSL 2025 人口网格。这些是来源观测值，不是指数值。从列表中选择一项人道主义数据，按其为单位着色并抬升；每项数据的来源显示在单位页面上。选择一个单位可深入查看其下辖单位；地图上方的路径可逐级返回。
02数据概览

人口、面积和密度

来自开放网格、在边界内汇总的来源观测值；不是指数值。

人口 · GHSL 2025

11,626,627

5.4% of Brazil.

人口 · WorldPop 2025

12,239,371

与 GHSL 相差 +5%；两套网格的方法不同。

面积

199,287 km²

每 km² 58 人。

代码

BR-PR

边界来源所载的行政区划代码。

低海拔沿海地带

121,484

人居住在海拔 10 m 及以下的陆地，占该单位的 1.0%（GEBCO 2024 和 GHSL 2025）。

03人道主义数据

Parana in humanitarian data

来自人道主义数据交换平台（Humanitarian Data Exchange）的来源观测值，按名称与该单位匹配，每项均附有参考日期、提供方和许可协议。它们不是指数值。

人口 · 2022-12-31

11,444,380

人。UNFPA · Creative Commons Attribution for Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY-IGO)。

Poverty headcount · 2015-12-31

2.3%

的人口处于多维贫困。Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative · Public Domain / No restrictions (CC0)。

04单位

398 units inside Parana

每个单位都有自己的页面。

边界许可：Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic · Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY 3.0 IGO)

单位 代码 人口（GHSL） 人口（WorldPop） 面积 km² 每平方公里 占比 沿海 ≤ 10 m
Abatiá – 6,354 6,428 229.19 28 0.1% 0
Adrianópolis – 10,330 10,481 1,350.77 8 0.1% 0
Agudos do Sul – 8,357 9,997 192.29 43 0.1% 0
Almirante Tamandaré – 84,079 94,836 195.15 431 0.7% 0
Altamira do Paraná – 3,873 3,361 387.59 10 0% 0
Alto Paraíso – 3,430 3,125 970.69 4 0% 0
Alto Paraná – 14,500 14,472 408.02 36 0.1% 0
Alto Piquiri – 10,018 9,697 448.86 22 0.1% 0
Altônia – 21,249 18,128 663.55 32 0.2% 0
Alvorada do Sul – 10,866 10,459 424.79 26 0.1% 0
Amaporã – 5,953 4,354 385.88 15 0.1% 0
Ampére – 19,146 21,211 298.73 64 0.2% 0
Anahy – 2,720 2,990 102.77 26 0% 0
Andirá – 13,853 10,291 236.54 59 0.1% 0
Ângulo – 2,952 3,410 106.09 28 0% 0
Antonina – 19,881 17,962 884.1 22 0.2% 6,160
Antônio Olinto – 6,854 6,199 470.51 15 0.1% 0
Apucarana – 141,986 139,366 559.91 254 1.2% 0
Arapongas – 129,158 127,425 383.33 337 1.1% 0
Arapoti – 27,001 26,108 1,362.83 20 0.2% 0
Arapuã – 3,119 3,347 217.73 14 0% 0
Araruna – 14,115 14,995 494.08 29 0.1% 0
Araucária – 138,490 174,652 470.44 294 1.2% 0
Ariranha do Ivaí – 2,524 2,624 239.18 11 0% 0
Assaí – 17,728 12,992 440.8 40 0.2% 0
Assis Chateaubriand – 34,614 38,985 971.87 36 0.3% 0
Astorga – 26,431 27,158 436.06 61 0.2% 0
Atalaia – 3,894 3,861 138.27 28 0% 0
Balsa Nova – 10,715 12,531 349.67 31 0.1% 0
Bandeirantes – 32,459 31,347 446.42 73 0.3% 0
Barbosa Ferraz – 13,313 11,247 539.04 25 0.1% 0
Barra do Jacaré – 10,440 12,449 115.95 90 0.1% 0
Barracão – 8,692 6,545 171.82 51 0.1% 0
Bela Vista da Caroba – 3,704 3,887 148.69 25 0% 0
Bela Vista do Paraíso – 16,695 15,514 244.11 68 0.1% 0
Bituruna – 16,768 15,065 1,230.8 14 0.1% 0
Boa Esperança – 4,641 4,784 303.53 15 0% 0
Boa Esperança do Iguaçu – 3,213 2,748 152.07 21 0% 0
Boa Ventura de São Roque – 7,021 6,576 621.43 11 0.1% 0
Boa Vista da Aparecida – 8,022 7,904 257.87 31 0.1% 0
Bocaiúva do Sul – 14,315 16,247 827.92 17 0.1% 0
Bom Jesus do Sul – 3,667 3,882 174.08 21 0% 0
Bom Sucesso – 7,013 6,752 323.36 22 0.1% 0
Bom Sucesso do Sul – 3,809 3,666 195.78 19 0% 0
Borrazópolis – 8,550 8,601 336.22 25 0.1% 0
Braganey – 5,716 4,393 343.93 17 0% 0
Brasilândia do Sul – 3,179 3,991 290.77 11 0% 0
Cafeara – 2,870 2,646 185.85 15 0% 0
Cafelândia – 16,202 20,261 271.81 60 0.1% 0
Cafezal do Sul – 4,441 4,746 336.98 13 0% 0
Califórnia – 8,955 9,394 142.27 63 0.1% 0
Cambará – 25,637 23,737 367.63 70 0.2% 0
Cambé – 66,642 76,500 495.42 135 0.6% 0
Cambira – 7,938 10,497 163.57 49 0.1% 0
Campina da Lagoa – 15,714 16,244 798.53 20 0.1% 0
Campina do Simão – 3,973 3,735 448.89 9 0% 0
Campina Grande do Sul – 27,258 30,761 540.14 50 0.2% 0
Campo Bonito – 4,848 4,374 435.15 11 0% 0
Campo do Tenente – 8,025 7,846 304.71 26 0.1% 0
Campo Largo – 116,480 140,286 1,246.23 93 1% 0
Campo Magro – 31,166 34,435 276.01 113 0.3% 0
Campo Mourão – 88,326 103,355 750.87 118 0.8% 0
Cândido de Abreu – 16,219 14,351 1,515.05 11 0.1% 0
Candói – 14,909 15,201 1,515.76 10 0.1% 0
Cantagalo – 13,530 9,896 584.54 23 0.1% 0
Capanema – 18,091 20,318 420.23 43 0.2% 0
Capitão Leônidas Marques – 15,702 14,151 276.43 57 0.1% 0
Carambeí – 21,409 24,803 651.06 33 0.2% 0
Carlópolis – 15,336 18,256 453.12 34 0.1% 0
Cascavel – 344,182 371,378 2,104.62 164 3% 0
Castro – 71,350 76,815 2,537.52 28 0.6% 0
Catanduvas – 10,462 10,756 584.24 18 0.1% 0
Centenário do Sul – 11,760 10,919 372.81 32 0.1% 0
Cerro Azul – 18,824 16,441 1,343.44 14 0.2% 0
Céu Azul – 14,761 14,023 1,181.1 12 0.1% 0
Chopinzinho – 21,188 23,000 962.25 22 0.2% 0
Cianorte – 79,948 84,922 813.49 98 0.7% 0
Cidade Gaúcha – 12,136 11,867 404.28 30 0.1% 0
Clevelândia – 18,231 14,772 705.46 26 0.2% 0
Colombo – 245,065 263,972 197.99 1,238 2.1% 0
科罗拉多州 – 23,799 23,771 403.97 59 0.2% 0
Congonhinhas – 8,424 8,296 537.57 16 0.1% 0
Conselheiro Mairinck – 4,013 3,497 205.09 20 0% 0
Contenda – 16,652 19,782 299.74 56 0.1% 0
Corbélia – 17,703 18,694 530.06 33 0.2% 0
Cornélio Procópio – 53,493 47,914 636.08 84 0.5% 0
Coronel Domingos Soares – 7,272 5,060 1,565.88 5 0.1% 0
Coronel Vivida – 21,865 24,455 684.47 32 0.2% 0
Corumbataí do Sul – 3,298 2,514 164.59 20 0% 0
Cruz Machado – 19,039 15,116 1,481.19 13 0.2% 0
Cruzeiro do Iguaçu – 4,238 4,128 162.18 26 0% 0
Cruzeiro do Oeste – 21,078 25,394 777.44 27 0.2% 0
Cruzeiro do Sul – 4,344 4,563 260.29 17 0% 0
Cruzmaltina – 2,435 2,127 312.47 8 0% 0
Curitiba – 1,903,864 1,927,211 435.59 4,371 16.6% 0
Curiúva – 15,832 14,578 577.71 27 0.1% 0
Diamante D’Oeste – 4,911 4,200 309.47 16 0% 0
Diamante do Norte – 5,847 5,286 243.21 24 0.1% 0
Diamante do Sul – 3,873 3,384 347.89 11 0% 0
Dois Vizinhos – 39,632 48,602 419.64 94 0.3% 0
Douradina – 8,482 9,857 420.48 20 0.1% 0
Doutor Camargo – 7,149 8,271 118.35 60 0.1% 0
Doutor Ulysses – 5,384 5,375 778.59 7 0% 0
Enéas Marques – 5,746 5,600 192.86 30 0.1% 0
Engenheiro Beltrão – 14,466 11,992 469.93 31 0.1% 0
Entre Rios do Oeste – 3,682 3,751 122.98 30 0% 0
Esperança Nova – 2,054 1,849 138.46 15 0% 0
Espigão Alto do Iguaçu – 4,849 5,075 327.44 15 0% 0
Farol – 3,556 2,848 289.76 12 0% 0
Faxinal – 22,986 22,316 716.9 32 0.2% 0
Fazenda Rio Grande – 60,078 125,110 116.74 515 0.5% 0
Fênix – 5,112 4,393 234.9 22 0% 0
Fernandes Pinheiro – 6,428 6,631 407.74 16 0.1% 0
Figueira – 7,750 7,286 130.31 59 0.1% 0
Flor da Serra do Sul – 2,792 2,205 238.92 12 0% 0
Floraí – 3,659 3,276 191.6 19 0% 0
Floresta – 6,381 11,603 159.57 40 0.1% 0
Florestópolis – 11,693 11,975 246.84 47 0.1% 0
Flórida – 307 285 84.02 4 0% 0
Formosa do Oeste – 7,420 7,804 276.28 27 0.1% 0
Foz do Iguaçu – 278,356 320,162 619.55 449 2.4% 0
Foz do Jordão – 6,645 4,984 235.93 28 0.1% 0
Francisco Alves – 6,643 8,850 322.96 21 0.1% 0
Francisco Beltrão – 86,634 103,401 736.16 118 0.8% 0
General Carneiro – 14,127 10,062 1,073.17 13 0.1% 0
Godoy Moreira – 3,165 2,738 131.57 24 0% 0
Goioerê – 36,179 33,986 564.68 64 0.3% 0
Goioxim – 7,176 5,875 705 10 0.1% 0
Grandes Rios – 5,923 4,937 314.63 19 0.1% 0
Guaíra – 34,032 34,798 564.87 60 0.3% 0
Guairaçá – 6,685 6,714 495.11 14 0.1% 0
Guamiranga – 8,352 7,959 244.83 34 0.1% 0
Guapirama – 4,156 4,989 190.06 22 0% 0
Guaporema – 2,064 2,181 202.04 10 0% 0
Guaraci – 4,549 3,965 212.85 21 0% 0
Guaraniaçu – 14,542 13,531 1,240.3 12 0.1% 0
Guarapuava – 193,536 190,825 3,175.3 61 1.7% 0
Guaraqueçaba – 7,428 6,846 2,021.83 4 0.1% 1,886
Guaratuba – 36,465 39,738 1,331.04 27 0.3% 14,581
Honório Serpa – 5,383 4,165 503.38 11 0% 0
Ibaiti – 31,264 30,349 899.78 35 0.3% 0
Ibema – 6,593 6,667 145.13 45 0.1% 0
Ibiporã – 76,297 74,397 298.9 255 0.7% 0
Icaraíma – 8,957 9,195 676.7 13 0.1% 0
Iguaraçu – 4,230 5,821 165.69 26 0% 0
Iguatu – 2,336 2,107 107.11 22 0% 0
Imbaú – 13,248 15,266 331.34 40 0.1% 0
Imbituva – 31,993 31,236 758.62 42 0.3% 0
Inácio Martins – 11,433 9,260 937.5 12 0.1% 0
Inajá – 3,238 2,376 195.6 17 0% 0
Indianópolis – 3,274 3,546 123.07 27 0% 0
Ipiranga – 14,677 14,603 929.13 16 0.1% 0
Iporã – 15,674 17,002 649.18 24 0.1% 0
Iracema do Oeste – 2,690 2,450 81.31 33 0% 0
Irati – 59,212 60,977 1,001.25 59 0.5% 0
Iretama – 10,837 11,017 571.69 19 0.1% 0
Itaguajé – 4,406 4,433 190.44 23 0% 0
Itaipulândia – 8,600 8,865 331.15 26 0.1% 0
Itambaracá – 6,829 5,601 208.07 33 0.1% 0
Itambé – 6,431 6,462 245.03 26 0.1% 0
Itapejara d’Oeste – 10,935 12,596 255.19 43 0.1% 0
Itaperuçu – 32,866 41,271 320.87 102 0.3% 0
Itapoá – 19,656 36,153 247.39 79 0.2% 6,942
Itaúna do Sul – 3,604 3,664 129.7 28 0% 0
Ivaí – 12,865 12,951 609.43 21 0.1% 0
Ivaiporã – 32,843 34,262 432.41 76 0.3% 0
Ivaté – 7,995 6,576 411.61 19 0.1% 0
Ivatuba – 2,727 2,297 96.57 28 0% 0
Jaboti – 9,367 10,520 139.46 67 0.1% 0
Jacarezinho – 41,159 42,151 603.75 68 0.4% 0
Jaguapitã – 13,316 16,515 476.15 28 0.1% 0
Jaguariaíva – 35,673 36,710 1,455.81 25 0.3% 0
Jandaia do Sul – 19,688 21,163 187.44 105 0.2% 0
Janiópolis – 5,584 5,265 336.99 17 0% 0
Japira – 4,237 4,591 189.5 22 0% 0
Japurá – 9,399 9,708 165.64 57 0.1% 0
Jardim Alegre – 13,080 12,752 414.93 32 0.1% 0
Jataizinho – 767 592 159.87 5 0% 0
Jesuítas – 9,552 11,716 247.69 39 0.1% 0
Joaquim Távora – 11,008 12,241 288.68 38 0.1% 0
Jundiaí do Sul – 3,638 3,454 321.58 11 0% 0
Juranda – 6,869 7,127 355.22 19 0.1% 0
Jussara – 7,026 6,905 208.71 34 0.1% 0
Kaloré – 4,628 4,713 193.89 24 0% 0
Lapa – 49,495 47,744 2,097.87 24 0.4% 0
Laranjal – 5,940 4,977 560.53 11 0.1% 0
Laranjeiras do Sul – 32,777 34,627 675.04 49 0.3% 0
Leópolis – 3,839 3,566 345.79 11 0% 0
Lidianópolis – 3,849 4,113 151.72 25 0% 0
Lindoeste – 5,372 5,342 363.16 15 0% 0
Loanda – 26,416 27,671 725.41 36 0.2% 0
Lobato – 7,312 7,282 240.98 30 0.1% 0
Londrina – 617,158 626,283 1,657.55 372 5.4% 0
Luiziana – 7,358 6,379 918.64 8 0.1% 0
Lunardelli – 5,262 4,725 198.49 27 0% 0
Mallet – 13,999 13,955 756.09 19 0.1% 0
Mamborê – 14,408 13,532 790.68 18 0.1% 0
Mandaguaçu – 29,820 43,670 295 101 0.3% 0
Mandaguari – 36,958 40,784 337.23 110 0.3% 0
Mandirituba – 27,665 34,314 380.05 73 0.2% 0
Manfrinópolis – 2,750 2,498 216.82 13 0% 0
Mangueirinha – 17,241 16,273 1,056.6 16 0.2% 0
Manoel Ribas – 14,087 15,280 573.41 25 0.1% 0
Marechal Cândido Rondon – 50,650 59,276 746.51 68 0.4% 0
Maria Helena – 6,560 6,157 487.22 13 0.1% 0
Marialva – 34,370 46,893 477.13 72 0.3% 0
Marilândia do Sul – 9,258 9,193 385.38 24 0.1% 0
Marilena – 6,730 7,600 232.12 29 0.1% 0
Mariluz – 10,613 9,771 434.31 24 0.1% 0
Maringá – 413,422 416,988 486.86 849 3.6% 0
Mariópolis – 6,459 6,612 230.88 28 0.1% 0
Maripá – 6,296 7,565 284.74 22 0.1% 0
Marmeleiro – 20,890 24,025 389.01 54 0.2% 0
Marquinho – 5,336 4,575 509.92 10 0% 0
Marumbi – 4,957 4,986 208.89 24 0% 0
Matelândia – 15,459 17,792 640.5 24 0.1% 0
Matinhos – 6,639 8,073 118.07 56 0.1% 1,384
Mato Rico – 3,947 3,136 395.53 10 0% 0
Mauá da Serra – 4,134 4,724 108.84 38 0% 0
Medianeira – 45,785 58,861 329.85 139 0.4% 0
Mercedes – 5,119 6,115 199.2 26 0% 0
Mirador – 2,585 2,255 221.98 12 0% 0
Miraselva – 1,948 2,105 90.55 22 0% 0
Missal – 13,902 16,096 325.64 43 0.1% 0
Moreira Sales – 6,788 5,767 354.65 19 0.1% 0
Morretes – 16,095 19,511 685.63 23 0.1% 845
Munhoz de Melo – 1,148 1,142 137.06 8 0% 0
Nossa Senhora das Graças – 4,959 4,249 185.92 27 0% 0
Nova Aliança do Ivaí – 1,563 1,302 131.66 12 0% 0
Nova América da Colina – 3,607 3,265 129.98 28 0% 0
Nova Aurora – 12,121 14,897 475.4 25 0.1% 0
Nova Cantu – 6,789 6,492 556.14 12 0.1% 0
Nova Esperança – 28,627 27,846 402.37 71 0.2% 0
Nova Esperança do Sudoeste – 5,368 5,913 208.55 26 0% 0
Nova Fátima – 8,768 7,046 283.32 31 0.1% 0
Nova Laranjeiras – 12,274 12,236 1,212.37 10 0.1% 0
Nova Londrina – 13,442 13,592 270.36 50 0.1% 0
Nova Olímpia – 5,773 5,948 135.62 43 0.1% 0
Nova Prata do Iguaçu – 11,437 14,419 353.43 32 0.1% 0
Nova Santa Bárbara – 4,133 4,316 71.91 57 0% 0
Nova Santa Rosa – 8,187 8,996 205.32 40 0.1% 0
Nova Tebas – 6,767 6,377 546.67 12 0.1% 0
Novo Itacolomi – 2,544 2,884 161.54 16 0% 0
Ortigueira – 23,771 24,770 2,435.18 10 0.2% 0
Ourizona – 3,555 3,175 176.87 20 0% 0
Ouro Verde do Oeste – 6,109 7,362 293.94 21 0.1% 0
Paiçandu – 7,842 11,799 172.06 46 0.1% 0
Palmas – 49,055 52,102 1,560.61 31 0.4% 0
Palmeira – 34,314 35,512 1,473 23 0.3% 0
Palmital – 15,112 12,419 819.42 18 0.1% 0

The first 250 of 398 units; the CSV carries all of them, and the map reaches each one.

05风险暴露

开放风险暴露图层

中心点落在该单位内且包含各 Natural Earth 图层的 H3 分辨率 3 单元格数量。

城市区域
1,765.9 H3 cells
港口
1 个 H3 单元格
机场
1 个 H3 单元格
主要道路
5,028.7 H3 cells
铁路
2,117 H3 cells
河流和湖泊
1,018.2 H3 cells
06风险

风险值

Values when released. Subnational risk values for Parana publish with the edition from The Global Risks Index. Until then, run a scenario on open data for Brazil.
运行情景 危害 领域指数
07相邻单位

相邻单位

08来源

来源、致谢与许可协议

ADM1 边界
geoBoundaries (William & Mary geoLab), gbOpen BRA ADM1, source: geoBoundaries, Wikimedia Commons, licence: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic · source · represents 2006
ADM2 边界
geoBoundaries (William & Mary geoLab), gbOpen BRA ADM2, source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), OCHA ROLAC, licence: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY 3.0 IGO) · source · represents 2020
底图
OpenFreeMap © OpenMapTiles (CC BY 4.0) · data © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL 1.0). Vector tiles requested by the reader’s browser, unmodified; the map falls back to plain land and sea when the host does not answer.
地形
Terrain Tiles (Mapzen, AWS Open Data), compiled from SRTM and other public elevation sources (NASA, USGS, ETOPO1, GMTED, EU-DEM under the Copernicus programme, Geoscience Australia, Kartverket, INEGI, LINZ, data.gov.uk). Display relief, not survey data.
人口
GHSL 2025 人口网格，欧盟委员会联合研究中心（CC BY 4.0），以 0.05° 显示并按单位求和；WorldPop 2025（CC BY 4.0）作为第二个估计。小于一个格网单元的单位采用其所在格网单元的密度。
国家
Natural Earth（公有领域）。
高程
GEBCO Compilation Group (2024) GEBCO 2024 Grid (public domain), reduced to 0.05°: the share of each cell’s land at or below 10 m, weighted by GHSL 2025 people for the low coastal zone.
立场
边界仅用于标示位置，不对任何边界、名称或地位持立场。

状态

The Global Risks Index 的方法、结构和定义为预备性工作草案（2026），供审阅和评论，不供实施。在从受治理的证据截取中发布版本之前，不会出现任何数值；届时数值将附有区间、类别、来源及其更正途径。模拟器以您选择的数字运行已发布的方法，绝不显示 NXS-GRX 数值。

国家概况解读的是关于某地的公开证据。它不是任何政府的声明，也不是关于任何政府政策的声明；不对任何领土的地位表明立场，也不意味着存在国家计划或参与。名称遵循 UN M49。

NXS-GRX 不是什么

NXS-GRX 是研究和风险分析信息。它不是信用评级或 ESG 评级，不使用任何评级尺度；它不是金融工具的基准，不是官方统计，不是紧急警报或官方分类，也不是建议。不得用于评估自然人。风险等级是已发布尺度上的区间，绝不是对国家或个人的排名。

Pulse 信号和展望概率是供主管当局审查的信息，绝不是公共警报；官方警报只由获授权的当局发布。

机构与来源

The Nexus Consortium is stewarded by three independent not-for-profit institutions: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), through GCRI US in Washington, DC and GCRI Canada in Ontario, with GCRI Canada as Lead Institution, Consortium Secretariat and lead contracting organisation; The Global Risks Forum (GRF); and The Global Risks Alliance (GRA). Technology, infrastructure and service providers work with the Consortium at arm’s length under written agreements, like every other external party in the public-private-planet model, and hold no role in its stewardship.

每个数值均附有其来源的署名，这些来源保留各自的许可。外部名称仅为互操作性而引用。Nexus 撰写的文本拟在发布时采用 CC BY 4.0。

Avis en français

La méthodologie et les définitions du NXS-GRX sont un projet de travail préparatoire (2026). Le NXS-GRX est une information de recherche et d’analyse des risques : ni notation, ni indice de référence financier, ni statistique officielle, ni alerte, ni conseil. Les classes de risque sont des bandes sur une échelle publiée, non des classements.