Skip to content

Foundry

I-Global Risks Index

The Global Risks Index · TH-03 · Thematic series

Disaster Risk Finance (DRF)

Loss sensitivity, protection gaps, contingent liabilities and the readiness questions for pre-arranged finance, insurance and risk transfer.

Construction Indicators Tail
Page GRX-SER-TH-03Edition Baseline Edition 2026Evidence close 2026-09-30Subject NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk) mechanismValues not yet publishedMethod v1.0.0-draft
FIG 1 · Series at a glance
Domain indices

1

Fiscal and public debt risk

Indicators

178

4 index domains

Hazard families

19

Atmosphere and weather · Water systems · Solid Earth.

Methods

89

Catastrophe risk · Insurance and reinsurance

Counts from the indicator, hazard and model registries.
1
domain indices
178
indicators in scope
3
hazard domains
4
client groups

01Scope

Scope and questions

This thematic series comes from the a mechanism of the Index (Nexus, DRR, DRF and DRI architecture).

Boundary. DRF readings identify questions and gaps; they never create financeability, insurability, underwriting, coverage, allocation or financial advice.
  1. How large is the protection gap?
  2. What share of a severe year’s loss is pre-financed?
  3. Which layers of risk suit which instruments?
02Construction

Domain indices to the series index

The series index is the expert-weighted geometric mean of its domain indices, with the intervals and class rule of the methodology.

computation

How the Disaster Risk Finance (DRF) index is built

Graph5 nodes
Graph
01Domain indices
02Series index
03Readings

100%
List
  1. Fiscal and public debt risk

    Domain index · IDX · FIS
    Expert-weighted geometric mean of the six fiscal sub-indices and the MAC external vulnerability sub-index, each on 0–10 and floored at 0.1 before aggregation.
  2. Disaster Risk Finance (DRF) index

    Series index · SERIES · TH-03
    Loss sensitivity, protection gaps, contingent liabilities and the readiness questions for pre-arranged finance, insurance and risk transfer.
  3. Country readings

    Output · OUTPUT · 195 profiles
    Published with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
  4. Regional readings

    Output · OUTPUT · 5 regions
    Published with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
  5. Global reading

    Output · OUTPUT · population or exposure weighted
    Published with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
Not runIn progressDone
FIG 2. Select a domain index to open its full construction; Simulate run plays the computation. Schematic of the construction; source: Indicator Standard composite definitions.
03Indices

Domain indices in this series

The Global Risks Index · TH-03 · 195 profiles · 0–10 scale
Disaster Risk Finance (DRF) index, world
–
Values publish with the edition; the interval, class and change appear here.
Isalathiso Ixabiso Tshintsha Change % 90% interval Class · probability Trend Range
Fiscal and public debt riskNXS-GRX · FIS – – – – –

Domains read: Fiscal and public debt, Hazard and exposure, Financial system, Coping capacity and resilience.

04Indicators

178 indicators in scope

Every indicator whose primary or secondary domain is in scope, with unit, levels and crosswalks to source code lists.

FIG 3 · Indicators in scope, by domain and sub-domain
HAZ · 53FIS · 37FIN · 32CRS · 18
Area is the number of indicator definitions; colour is the pillar the domain feeds (Macroeconomy and Space feed through their indices). Select a block to filter the table. Source: Indicator Standard Nexus Indicator Standard register.
Indicator Domain Sub-domain Component Unit Levels Crosswalks
Short-term external debt, share of reservesIND.MAC.external.short_term_debt_to_reserves MAC External balance and reserves vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.DSTC.IR.ZS
External debt stocks, share of GNIIND.MAC.external.external_debt.gni MAC External balance and reserves vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.DECT.GN.ZS
General government overall balance, share of GDPIND.FIS.balance.overall_balance.gdp FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXCNL_NGDP WB_WDI GC.NLD.TOTL.GD.ZS
General government primary balance, share of GDPIND.FIS.balance.primary_balance.gdp FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXONLB_NGDP
General government structural balance, share of potential GDPIND.FIS.balance.structural_balance.potgdp FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGSB_NPGDP
Interest-rate-growth differential (r – g)IND.FIS.balance.interest_growth_differential FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY
General government revenue, current US dollarsIND.FIS.revenue.total.usd FIS Revenue context [USD] COUNTRY IMF_GFS 1
General government revenue, share of GDPIND.FIS.revenue.total.gdp FIS Revenue coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGR_NGDP SDG 17.1.1 WB_WDI GC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS
Tax revenue, share of GDPIND.FIS.revenue.tax.gdp FIS Revenue coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS IMF_GFS 11
Tax effort (actual over estimated tax capacity)IND.FIS.revenue.tax_effort FIS Revenue adaptive capacity 1 COUNTRY
Natural-resource revenue, share of general government revenueIND.FIS.revenue.resource_revenue_share FIS Revenue vulnerability % COUNTRY
General government expenditure, share of GDPIND.FIS.expenditure.total.gdp FIS Expenditure context % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGX_NGDP WB_WDI GC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS
Rigid expenditure, share of revenueIND.FIS.expenditure.rigid_share.revenue FIS Expenditure vulnerability % COUNTRY
Interest payments, share of revenueIND.FIS.expenditure.interest.revenue FIS Expenditure vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI GC.XPN.INTP.RV.ZS
General government gross debt, share of GDPIND.FIS.debt.gross_debt.gdp FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXWDG_NGDP WB_WDI GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS
General government net debt, share of GDPIND.FIS.debt.net_debt.gdp FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXWDN_NGDP
Foreign-currency share of general government debtIND.FIS.debt.fx_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY
Short-term share of general government debt (residual maturity)IND.FIS.debt.short_term_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY
Average time to maturity of general government debtIND.FIS.debt.average_maturity FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability a COUNTRY
Non-resident holdings of general government debtIND.FIS.debt.nonresident_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY
Concessional share of public external debtIND.FIS.debt.concessional_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.ALLC.ZS
Present value of public external debt, share of GDPIND.FIS.debt.external_ppg_pv.gdp FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.PVLX.GN.ZS
Present value of public external debt, share of exportsIND.FIS.debt.external_ppg_pv.exports FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.PVLX.EX.ZS
Public gross financing needs, share of GDPIND.FIS.financing.gross_financing_needs.gdp FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Public external debt service, share of revenueIND.FIS.financing.external_ppg_debt_service.revenue FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Public external debt service, share of exportsIND.FIS.financing.external_ppg_debt_service.exports FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.TDS.DPPG.XP.ZS SDG 17.4.1
Sovereign bond spread over benchmarkIND.FIS.financing.sovereign_spread FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Five-year sovereign credit default swap spreadIND.FIS.financing.sovereign_cds_5y FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Debt of non-financial public corporations, share of GDPIND.FIS.contingent.soe_debt.gdp FIS Contingent liabilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
Outstanding government guarantees, share of GDPIND.FIS.contingent.guarantees.gdp FIS Contingent liabilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
Expected annual fiscal cost of disasters, share of GDPIND.FIS.contingent.disaster_fiscal_cost.gdp FIS Contingent liabilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF composite indicator score (published, reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_composite_indicator FIS Debt-carrying capacity coping capacity {score} COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: PV of external debt to GDP (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.pv_ext_gdp FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: PV of external debt to exports (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.pv_ext_exports FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: external debt service to exports (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.ds_ext_exports FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: external debt service to revenue (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.ds_ext_revenue FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF benchmark: PV of total public debt to GDP (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.pv_public_gdp FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF risk of debt distress, as published (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_risk_published FIS Debt-carrying capacity context {class} COUNTRY
SRDSF overall risk of sovereign stress, as published (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.srdsf_risk_published FIS Debt-carrying capacity context {class} COUNTRY
Regulatory capital to risk-weighted assetsIND.FIN.capital.regulatory_capital_rwa FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKRC_PT
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assetsIND.FIN.capital.tier1_rwa FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKRTC_PT
Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assetsIND.FIN.capital.cet1_rwa FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCET_PT
Capital to total assets (leverage)IND.FIN.capital.capital_to_assets FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKA_PT WB_WDI FB.BNK.CAPA.ZS
Non-performing loans net of provisions to capitalIND.FIN.capital.npl_net_capital FIN Capital adequacy vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKNL_PT
Non-performing loans to total gross loansIND.FIN.asset_quality.npl_ratio FIN Asset quality vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSANL_PT WB_WDI FB.AST.NPER.ZS
Provisions to non-performing loansIND.FIN.asset_quality.provisions_to_npl FIN Asset quality coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSPN_PT
Loan concentration by economic activityIND.FIN.asset_quality.loan_concentration FIN Asset quality vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCLE_PT
Bank claims on general government, share of bank assetsIND.FIN.asset_quality.sovereign_exposure FIN Asset quality vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSASDG_PT
Return on assetsIND.FIN.earnings.roa FIN Earnings coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSERA_PT
Return on equityIND.FIN.earnings.roe FIN Earnings coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSERE_PT
Liquid assets to total assetsIND.FIN.liquidity.liquid_assets_total FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSLT_PT WB_WDI FD.RES.LIQU.AS.ZS
Liquid assets to short-term liabilitiesIND.FIN.liquidity.liquid_assets_st_liabilities FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSLS_PT
Liquidity coverage ratioIND.FIN.liquidity.lcr FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSLCR_PT
Net stable funding ratioIND.FIN.liquidity.nsfr FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSNSF_PT
Customer deposits to total non-interbank loansIND.FIN.liquidity.deposits_to_loans FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCD_PT
Net open foreign-exchange position to capital (absolute)IND.FIN.fx.net_open_position_capital FIN Foreign-exchange risk vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSSNO_PT
Foreign-currency loans, share of total loans (credit dollarisation)IND.FIN.fx.fx_loans_share FIN Foreign-exchange risk vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSFC_PT
Foreign-currency deposits, share of total deposits (deposit dollarisation)IND.FIN.fx.fx_deposits_share FIN Foreign-exchange risk vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSFCD_PT
Domestic credit to the private sector, share of GDPIND.FIN.depth.private_credit.gdp FIN Financial depth and inclusion context % COUNTRY WB_WDI FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS WB_WDI GFDD.DI.14
Credit-to-GDP gap (BIS)IND.FIN.depth.credit_gap FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY
Real growth of credit to the private sectorIND.FIN.depth.private_credit_growth FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCGPS_PT
Household debt, share of GDPIND.FIN.depth.household_debt.gdp FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSHG_PT
Non-financial corporate debt, share of GDPIND.FIN.depth.nfc_debt.gdp FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSTDGDP_PT
Account ownership, adultsIND.FIN.depth.account_ownership FIN Financial depth and inclusion coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS SDG 8.10.2
Real residential property price growthIND.FIN.housing.real_house_price_growth FIN Real estate vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSREPRR_PC_CP_A_PT
House price-to-income ratio, deviation from long-run averageIND.FIN.housing.price_to_income_gap FIN Real estate vulnerability % COUNTRY, CITY
Assets of other financial corporations, share of GDPIND.FIN.nbfi.ofc_assets.gdp FIN Non-bank financial intermediation context % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSFAG_PT
Insurance penetration (premiums to GDP)IND.FIN.nbfi.insurance_penetration FIN Non-bank financial intermediation coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI GFDD.DI.09 WB_WDI GFDD.DI.10
Natural-catastrophe protection gapIND.FIN.nbfi.nat_cat_protection_gap FIN Non-bank financial intermediation vulnerability % REGION, COUNTRY
Bank exposure to carbon-intensive sectorsIND.FIN.climate_finance.carbon_intensive_exposure FIN Climate-related financial exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Bank lending exposed to high physical climate riskIND.FIN.climate_finance.physical_risk_lending FIN Climate-related financial exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Net official development assistance received, share of GNIIND.ECO.trade.oda_dependence.gni ECO Trade exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS
Natural-resource rents, share of GDPIND.ECO.concentration.natural_resource_rents.gdp ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS
Change in very hot days (35 °C or more)IND.CLI.physical_acute.hot_days_change CLI Acute climate extremes hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID
Assets vulnerable to climate-related physical risks, shareIND.CLI.physical_acute.physical_risk_vulnerable_assets.share CLI Acute climate extremes exposure % SITE, PORTFOLIO IFRS_S2 29(c)
Projected relative sea-level riseIND.CLI.projection.projected_sea_level_rise CLI Scenario projections hazard m COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE
Population below the future 100-year coastal flood level, shareIND.CLI.projection.slr_coastal_population_exposed.share CLI Scenario projections exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY WB_WDI EN.POP.EL5M.ZS
Financed emissions of a portfolioIND.CLI.emissions.financed_emissions CLI Emissions exposure Mt/a PORTFOLIO IFRS_S2 29(a)(vi)
Fossil-fuel rents, share of GDPIND.CLI.transition.fossil_fuel_rents.gdp CLI Transition exposure exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS WB_WDI NY.GDP.NGAS.RT.ZS WB_WDI NY.GDP.COAL.RT.ZS
Explicit fossil-fuel subsidies, share of GDPIND.CLI.transition.fossil_fuel_subsidies.gdp CLI Transition exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Assets vulnerable to climate-related transition risks, shareIND.CLI.transition.transition_risk_vulnerable_assets.share CLI Transition exposure exposure % PORTFOLIO IFRS_S2 29(b)
National adaptation plan submittedIND.CLI.adaptation.nap_submitted CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity {bool} COUNTRY SDG 13.2.1
International adaptation finance received per capitaIND.CLI.adaptation.adaptation_finance_received.pc CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity [USD] COUNTRY
Population exposed to two or more major hazards, shareIND.HAZ.multi.multi_hazard_exposure.share HAZ Multi-hazard exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID INFORM HA.NAT
Multi-hazard average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.multi.aal.gdp HAZ Multi-hazard impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Multi-hazard average annual loss, share of produced capital stockIND.HAZ.multi.aal.capital_stock HAZ Multi-hazard impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Probable maximum loss at 250-year return period, share of GDPIND.HAZ.multi.pml_rp250.gdp HAZ Multi-hazard impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, PORTFOLIO
Peak ground acceleration at 475-year return periodIND.HAZ.seismic.pga_rp475 HAZ Seismic and volcanic hazard [g] COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 GH0101 INFORM HA.NAT.EQ
People exposed to strong earthquake shaking, annual averageIND.HAZ.seismic.eq_population_exposed HAZ Seismic and volcanic exposure {persons} COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID INFORM EX_EQ_MMI8
People exposed to strong earthquake shaking, share of populationIND.HAZ.seismic.eq_population_exposed.share HAZ Seismic and volcanic exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Earthquake average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.seismic.eq_aal.gdp HAZ Seismic and volcanic impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Population within 30 km of a Holocene volcanoIND.HAZ.seismic.volcano_population_30km HAZ Seismic and volcanic exposure {persons} COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY UNDRR_HIPS_2025 GH0203
Probability of damaging volcanic ash fall in 100 yearsIND.HAZ.seismic.ash_fall_probability HAZ Seismic and volcanic hazard 1 COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 GH0202 EMDAT nat-geo-vol-ash
Extreme still-water sea level at 100-year return periodIND.HAZ.coastal.extreme_sea_level_rp100 HAZ Coastal and sea level hazard m COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0703 EMDAT nat-met-sto-sur
Population in the 100-year coastal floodplain, shareIND.HAZ.coastal.coastal_flood_population_exposed.share HAZ Coastal and sea level exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY INFORM EX_CFL UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0601
Population below 5 m elevation, shareIND.HAZ.coastal.low_elevation_population.share HAZ Coastal and sea level exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY WB_WDI EN.POP.EL5M.ZS
Tsunami maximum inundation height at 500-year return periodIND.HAZ.coastal.tsunami_inundation_rp500 HAZ Coastal and sea level hazard m COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0705 INFORM HA.NAT.TS
Population exposed to tsunami, shareIND.HAZ.coastal.tsunami_population_exposed.share HAZ Coastal and sea level exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY INFORM EX_TS EMDAT nat-geo-ear-tsu
Fluvial flood depth at 100-year return periodIND.HAZ.flood.river_flood_depth_rp100 HAZ Flood hazard m ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0604 EMDAT nat-hyd-flo-riv
Pluvial and flash flood depth at 100-year return periodIND.HAZ.flood.pluvial_flood_depth_rp100 HAZ Flood hazard m ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0603 UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0606 EMDAT nat-hyd-flo-fla
People exposed to river flooding, annual averageIND.HAZ.flood.flood_population_exposed HAZ Flood exposure {persons} COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY INFORM EX_FL INFORM HA.NAT.FL
People exposed to river flooding, share of populationIND.HAZ.flood.flood_population_exposed.share HAZ Flood exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY
Flood protection design standardIND.HAZ.flood.flood_protection_standard HAZ Flood coping capacity a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE
River flood average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.flood.flood_aal.gdp HAZ Flood impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Tropical cyclone wind speed at 100-year return periodIND.HAZ.storm.tc_wind_rp100 HAZ Tropical and severe storms hazard m/s COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0309 INFORM HA.NAT.TC
Annual probability of category 1 or stronger cyclone windIND.HAZ.storm.tc_cat1_probability HAZ Tropical and severe storms hazard 1 COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID, SITE
People exposed to category 1 cyclone wind, annual averageIND.HAZ.storm.tc_population_exposed HAZ Tropical and severe storms exposure {persons} COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY INFORM EX_TC_SS1
People exposed to category 1 cyclone wind, share of populationIND.HAZ.storm.tc_population_exposed.share HAZ Tropical and severe storms exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Tropical cyclone average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.storm.tc_aal.gdp HAZ Tropical and severe storms impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, PORTFOLIO
Large-hail days per yearIND.HAZ.storm.large_hail_days HAZ Tropical and severe storms hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0404 EMDAT nat-met-sto-hai
Days with severe-thunderstorm environmentsIND.HAZ.storm.severe_convective_days HAZ Tropical and severe storms hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0103 EMDAT nat-met-sto-sev
Frequency of severe meteorological droughtIND.HAZ.drought.spei_drought_frequency HAZ Drought hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0401 INFORM HA.NAT.DR
Frequency of agricultural drought stressIND.HAZ.drought.agricultural_stress_frequency HAZ Drought hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID INFORM ASI
People affected by drought, annual average shareIND.HAZ.drought.drought_affected.share HAZ Drought impact % COUNTRY INFORM AFF_DR EMDAT nat-cli-dro-dro
Days of dangerous humid heat per yearIND.HAZ.heat.dangerous_heat_days HAZ Extreme heat hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0501
Heatwave exposure events per personIND.HAZ.heat.heatwave_person_days HAZ Extreme heat exposure d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Population exposed to extreme heat, shareIND.HAZ.heat.heat_population_exposed.share HAZ Extreme heat exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Extreme fire-weather days per yearIND.HAZ.wildfire.extreme_fire_weather_days HAZ Wildfire hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Annual burned area, share of land areaIND.HAZ.wildfire.burned_area.share HAZ Wildfire hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 EN0205 EMDAT nat-cli-wil-wil
Population in the wildland-urban interface, shareIND.HAZ.wildfire.wui_population.share HAZ Wildfire exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Population in high landslide susceptibility zones, shareIND.HAZ.landslide.landslide_susceptible_population.share HAZ Landslide exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 GH0300
Fatal landslide deaths per 100,000, annual averageIND.HAZ.landslide.fatal_landslide_rate HAZ Landslide impact /10*5 COUNTRY, ADM1 EMDAT nat-hyd-mmw-lan
Population near major-hazard industrial sites, shareIND.HAZ.technological.major_hazard_site_population.share HAZ Technological exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY UNDRR_HIPS_2025 TL0304 UNDRR_HIPS_2025 TL0309
Population within 30 km of an operating nuclear reactorIND.HAZ.technological.nuclear_population_30km HAZ Technological exposure {persons} COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY UNDRR_HIPS_2025 TL0208
Industrial accident deaths per 100,000, annual averageIND.HAZ.technological.industrial_accident_deaths HAZ Technological impact /10*5 COUNTRY EMDAT tec-ind-ind-ind
Built-up surface areaIND.HAZ.exposure.built_up_area HAZ Ukuchaphazeleka context km2 COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
Produced capital stockIND.HAZ.exposure.capital_stock HAZ Ukuchaphazeleka context [USD] COUNTRY, ADM1, PORTFOLIO
Built-up area in high-hazard zonesIND.HAZ.exposure.built_up_exposed HAZ Ukuchaphazeleka exposure km2 COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
Built-up area in high-hazard zones, shareIND.HAZ.exposure.built_up_exposed.share HAZ Ukuchaphazeleka exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY
GDP generated in high-hazard zones, shareIND.HAZ.exposure.gdp_exposed.share HAZ Ukuchaphazeleka exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Disaster deaths and missing persons per 100,000IND.HAZ.loss.deaths_missing_rate HAZ Losses and impacts impact /10*5 COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI A-1 SDG 1.5.1
People directly affected by disasters per 100,000IND.HAZ.loss.directly_affected_rate HAZ Losses and impacts impact /10*5 COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI B-1 SDG 1.5.1
Direct economic loss from disasters, share of GDPIND.HAZ.loss.direct_economic_loss.gdp HAZ Losses and impacts impact % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI C-1 SDG 1.5.2
Recorded disaster deaths per 100,000, 30-year averageIND.HAZ.loss.recorded_disaster_deaths HAZ Losses and impacts impact /10*5 COUNTRY, ADM1 EMDAT Total Deaths
Recorded people affected by disasters per 100,000, 30-year averageIND.HAZ.loss.recorded_disaster_affected HAZ Losses and impacts impact /10*5 COUNTRY, ADM1 EMDAT Total Affected
Recorded disaster damage, share of GDP, 30-year averageIND.HAZ.loss.recorded_disaster_damage.gdp HAZ Losses and impacts impact % COUNTRY EMDAT Total Damage, Adjusted ('000 US$)
GDP in sectors highly dependent on nature, shareIND.ENV.nature_dependence.nature_dependent_gdp.share ENV Nature dependence exposure % COUNTRY, PORTFOLIO
Baseline water stress score (sub-basin)IND.WAT.stress.baseline_water_stress WAT Water stress hazard {score} COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID, SITE, PORTFOLIO
Critical services relying on satellites without backup, shareIND.SPC.dependence.satellite_service_exposure.share SPC Space-service dependence vulnerability % COUNTRY
Travel time to the nearest health facilityIND.HLT.system.health_facility_travel_time HLT Health system capacity vulnerability min COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
IHR health emergency management capacity (SPAR C7)IND.HLT.security.spar_emergency_management HLT Health security (IHR) coping capacity {score} COUNTRY SPAR C7 WHO_GHO IHRSPAR2_C07 JEE R1
Population covered by at least one social protection benefitIND.SOC.protection.social_protection_coverage SOC Social protection coping capacity % COUNTRY SDG 1.3.1 ILO SDG_0131_SEX_SOC_RT WB_WDI per_allsp.cov_pop_tot
Internally displaced people, disasters (stock)IND.DEM.displacement.idp_disaster DEM Forced displacement impact {persons} COUNTRY, ADM1 IDMC disaster_total_displacement
Internally displaced people, per 100,000 populationIND.DEM.displacement.idp_total.p100k DEM Forced displacement impact /10*5 COUNTRY
New internal displacements, disastersIND.DEM.displacement.new_displacement_disaster DEM Forced displacement impact 1 COUNTRY, ADM1 IDMC disaster_new_displacement WB_WDI VC.IDP.NWDS
New internal displacements, per 100,000 populationIND.DEM.displacement.new_displacement.p100k DEM Forced displacement impact /10*5 COUNTRY
Military expenditure, share of GDPIND.CON.violence.military_expenditure.gdp CON Organised violence vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS
Government effectiveness (WGI)IND.GOV.quality.government_effectiveness GOV Governance quality coping capacity {score} COUNTRY WB_WGI GOV_WGI_GE.SC WB_WGI GOV_WGI_GE.EST
Efficiency of revenue mobilisation (CPIA)IND.GOV.policy.tax_administration GOV Policy and institutional quality coping capacity {score} COUNTRY WB_WDI IQ.CPA.REVN.XQ
Deviation of budget execution from the approved budgetIND.GOV.policy.budget_execution_deviation GOV Policy and institutional quality vulnerability % COUNTRY SDG 16.6.1
Rural population within 2 km of an all-season roadIND.INF.transport.rural_road_access INF Transport coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1 SDG 9.1.1
Road and rail network in high-hazard zones, shareIND.INF.transport.network_exposed.share INF Transport exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
Population covered by a mobile network, by technologyIND.INF.digital.mobile_network_coverage INF Digital connectivity coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1 SDG 9.c.1
Critical facilities with 72-hour back-up powerIND.INF.utilities.critical_facility_backup_power INF Utilities coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY ISO_37123 ISO 37123:2019
Water supply assets in high-hazard zones, shareIND.INF.utilities.water_assets_exposed.share INF Utilities exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
Power generation and grid assets in high-hazard zones, shareIND.INF.utilities.power_assets_exposed.share INF Utilities exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
Lifeline facilities in high-hazard zones, shareIND.INF.utilities.lifeline_facilities_exposed.share INF Utilities exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, CITY, GRID
Infrastructure investment gap, share of GDPIND.INF.utilities.infrastructure_investment_gap.gdp INF Utilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
Critical infrastructure units damaged or destroyed by disastersIND.INF.disruption.critical_infrastructure_damage INF Service disruption impact 1 COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI D-1 SDG 11.5.2
Direct economic loss to critical infrastructure, share of GDPIND.INF.disruption.critical_infrastructure_loss.gdp INF Service disruption impact % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI C-5
National DRR strategy aligned with the Sendai FrameworkIND.CRS.drr.national_drr_strategy CRS DRR strategy coping capacity {score} COUNTRY SENDAI E-1 SDG 1.5.3 SDG 11.b.1 SDG 13.1.2
Local governments with DRR strategies aligned to the national strategyIND.CRS.drr.local_drr_strategies CRS DRR strategy coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI E-2 SDG 1.5.4 SDG 11.b.2 SDG 13.1.3
Multi-hazard early warning system scoreIND.CRS.warning.mhews_score CRS Early warning coping capacity {score} COUNTRY SENDAI G-1
Multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting systemsIND.CRS.warning.monitoring_forecasting CRS Early warning coping capacity {score} COUNTRY SENDAI G-2
People covered by early warning informationIND.CRS.warning.early_warning_coverage CRS Early warning coping capacity /10*5 COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI G-3
Local governments with a plan to act on early warningsIND.CRS.warning.local_warning_action_plans CRS Early warning coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI G-4
Accessible disaster risk information and assessmentIND.CRS.warning.risk_information_access CRS Early warning coping capacity {score} COUNTRY SENDAI G-5
Exposed population protected by pre-emptive evacuationIND.CRS.warning.preemptive_evacuation CRS Early warning coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI G-6
Disaster risk financing strategy adoptedIND.CRS.financing.drf_strategy CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity {bool} COUNTRY
Participation in a sovereign regional risk poolIND.CRS.financing.regional_risk_pool_membership CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity {bool} COUNTRY
Pre-arranged contingent disaster credit, share of GDPIND.CRS.financing.contingent_credit.gdp CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity % COUNTRY
Sovereign catastrophe risk transfer limit, share of GDPIND.CRS.financing.risk_transfer_cover.gdp CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity % COUNTRY
Natural-catastrophe insurance protection gapIND.CRS.financing.insurance_protection_gap CRS Risk financing and protection gap vulnerability % COUNTRY
Non-life insurance premiums, share of GDPIND.CRS.financing.non_life_insurance_penetration CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity % COUNTRY
Population within 15 minutes of emergency servicesIND.CRS.response.emergency_service_access CRS Response capacity coping capacity % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY ISO_37120 ISO 37120:2018
INSARAG-classified urban search and rescue teamIND.CRS.response.usar_classification CRS Response capacity coping capacity {bool} COUNTRY
International official support for DRR received, share of GDPIND.CRS.response.international_drr_support.gdp CRS Response capacity coping capacity % COUNTRY SENDAI F-1
Shock-responsive social protection readinessIND.CRS.response.shock_responsive_social_protection CRS Response capacity coping capacity {score} COUNTRY
05Iingozi

Hazard families this series reads

families, each crosswalked to the UNDRR–ISC Hazard Information Profiles (2025) where a profile exists.

FIG 4 · Hazard families this series reads
AtmosphereWaterSolid142HAZARDS
3 hazard domains (inner ring) and 19 families (outer ring), sized by hazard count. Select a segment to filter the table below. Source: Hazard Standard Nexus Hazard Standard.
Family Domain Iingozi Count
Convective storms Atmosphere and weather Thunderstorm, Lightning strike, Downburst, Tornado, Waterspout, Hail, Squall, Derecho … 11
Cyclonic storm systems Atmosphere and weather Tropical cyclone, Subtropical cyclone, Extratropical cyclone, Low-pressure system, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone, Polar low, Rapid cyclone intensification, Explosive cyclogenesis 8
Damaging wind Atmosphere and weather Windstorm, Gale, Downslope windstorm, Clear-air turbulence 4
Precipitation extremes Atmosphere and weather Intense rainfall, Heavy snowfall, Snowstorm, Blizzard, Lake-effect snow band, Freezing rain, Structural icing 7
Thermal extremes Atmosphere and weather Heatwave, Humid heat stress, Cold wave, Livestock winter disaster, Hard freeze, Frost, Rapid thaw, Extreme night-time heat … 9
Airborne particles and low visibility Atmosphere and weather Fog, Dust storm, Dust haze, Haze, Smoke plume, Airborne allergen surge 6
Large-scale circulation anomalies Atmosphere and weather Atmospheric river, Atmospheric blocking, Tropical Pacific climate swing, Monsoon failure, Polar vortex disruption, Indian Ocean dipole event, North Atlantic pressure-seesaw extreme 7
Surface radiation extremes Atmosphere and weather Extreme ultraviolet exposure, Stratospheric ozone loss episode 2
Freshwater inundation Water systems River flood, Flash flood, Surface-water flood, Groundwater flood, Snowmelt flood, Ice-jam flood, Reservoir release flood, Natural-dam outburst flood … 9
Water deficit Water systems Meteorological drought, Agricultural drought, Hydrological drought, Groundwater depletion, Flash drought, Water supply shortfall, Megadrought, Lake and inland sea desiccation … 9
Coastal and sea-level hazards Water systems Storm surge, Storm tide, Coastal flood, Estuary flood, High-tide flooding, Tsunami, Seiche, Rogue wave … 13
Ocean-state extremes Water systems Marine heatwave, Ocean acidification, Marine oxygen depletion, Upper-ocean stratification increase, Marine cold spell, Lake and river heatwave 6
Water-quality degradation Water systems Eutrophication, Harmful algal bloom, Freshwater salinisation, Sargassum seaweed influx 4
Fault shaking and rupture Solid Earth Earthquake, Induced earthquake, Aftershock sequence, Fault surface rupture, Soil liquefaction, Ground fissure, Earthquake swarm 7
Eruption products and unrest Solid Earth Volcanic unrest, Lava flow, Volcanic ash fall, Volcanic ash cloud, Volcanic ballistic projectiles, Pyroclastic flow, Lahar, Volcanic gas and aerosol emission … 12
Slope failure and mass movement Solid Earth Rockfall, Topple, Slope slide, Lateral spread, Debris flow, Earthflow and mudflow, Rock avalanche, Submarine landslide … 9
Ground deformation and subsidence Solid Earth Land subsidence, Crustal uplift, Sinkhole, Shrink-swell soil movement, Soft-soil settlement, Ground gas seepage, Mining-induced subsidence 7
Erosion and sediment movement Solid Earth Soil erosion, River bank erosion, Coastal erosion, Dune encroachment, Reservoir and channel siltation, River avulsion, Delta sediment starvation 7
Seabed and deep-sea hazards Solid Earth Turbidity current, Submarine volcanic eruption, Seabed gas escape, Pumice raft, Deep-sea mining disturbance 5
06Tail

The severe end of the distribution

FIG 5 · Explorer: exceedance, return-period loss and the protection gap
Frequency and severity
1.2
20
1.4
One risk-transfer layer
60
240
–
runs in your browser

Explorer: 20,000 simulated years from your frequency and severity settings; the exceedance curve, average annual loss, 1-in-100 and 1-in-250 annual losses, expected shortfall, and how one layer splits loss into retained, transferred and gap. Units are yours; nothing here is a modelled loss for any place.
07Methods

Method libraries

Each method has a reference implementation or declares the specialist model, data or adapter it still needs; none is promoted beyond its evidence.

23 methods

Catastrophe risk

Stochastic Event Catalogue · Historical Event Catalogue · Event Footprint · Secondary Uncertainty · Loss Amplification · Financial Terms · Event Loss Table …

38 methods

Insurance and reinsurance

Technical Pricing · Frequency Severity Pricing · Exposure Rating · Experience Rating · Burning Cost · Catastrophe Pricing · Aggregate Loss Terms …

28 methods

Sovereign, macro and development

Sovereign Default Risk · Debt Sustainability · Fiscal Stress · Debt Service Burden · FX Reserve Adequacy · External Vulnerability · Balance of Payments …

08Users

Who uses it

International financial institutions and development banks

Screen country and project context. Read fiscal resilience and protection gaps. Design pre-arranged finance questions.

Governments and national risk agencies

Prioritise prevention and preparedness. Plan with subnational layers. Track Sendai targets. Co-develop a national index.

Insurers, reinsurers and risk pools

Read hazard, exposure and protection-gap context. Run scenario and tail analytics. Study parametric index design questions.

Banks, asset managers and sovereign investors

Read sovereign and systemic context. Run climate pathway packs. Build portfolio postures.

09Iingxelo

Nexus Reports

No Nexus Reports edition carries this code; thematic readings appear inside country, sector and global editions.

10Cite

Cite and reuse

GCRI Canada (2026). The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk)): Disaster Risk Finance (DRF) series (GRX-SER-TH-03), Baseline Edition 2026. Preparatory working draft. https://risksindex.com/series/th-03/ UNI NXS-GRX-AR-000110.
Series key
grix:SER.TH-03:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A
Domain keys
nis:IDX.FIS.debt.fiscal_risk:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A

Every country reads this series

Each country profile carries the domain indices this series is built from.

Country profiles All series

Imeko

The methodology, structure and definitions of The Global Risks Index are a preparatory working draft (2026), circulated for review and comment and not for implementation. No value appears until an edition is released from a governed evidence cut; values then carry intervals, classes, sources and their correction pathway. Simulators run the published methods on numbers you choose and never show a NXS-GRX value.

What NXS-GRX is not

NXS-GRX is research and risk-analytics information. It is not a credit or ESG rating and uses no rating scale, not a benchmark for financial instruments, not official statistics, not an emergency warning or official classification, and not advice. It must not be used to evaluate natural persons. Risk classes are bands on a published scale, never rankings of countries or people.

Institutions and sources

The Nexus Consortium is stewarded by three independent not-for-profit institutions: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), through GCRI US in Washington, DC and GCRI Canada in Ontario, with GCRI Canada as Lead Institution, Consortium Secretariat and lead contracting organisation; The Global Risks Forum (GRF); and The Global Risks Alliance (GRA). Technology, infrastructure and service providers work with the Consortium at arm’s length under written agreements, like every other external party in the public-private-planet model, and hold no role in its stewardship.

Every value carries the attribution of its sources, which keep their own licences. External names are cited for interoperability only. Nexus-authored text is intended for CC BY 4.0 on release.

Avis en français

La méthodologie et les définitions du NXS-GRX sont un projet de travail préparatoire (2026). Le NXS-GRX est une information de recherche et d’analyse des risques : ni notation, ni indice de référence financier, ni statistique officielle, ni alerte, ni conseil. Les classes de risque sont des bandes sur une échelle publiée, non des classements.