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Global Risks Index

The Global Risks Index · GS-05 · Global sector series

Global Finance and economy

Fiscal and public debt risk, financial stability, external dependence, inflation and growth at risk, and the macro-financial channels of physical and transition risk.

Construction Indicators
Page GRX-SER-GS-05Edition Baseline Edition 2026Evidence close 2026-09-30Subject Nexus ReportsNexus Reports GS-05 (planned)Values not yet publishedMethod v1.0.0-draft
FIG 1 · Series at a glance
Domain indices

3

Fiscal and public debt risk · Financial stability risk · External dependence risk.

Indicators

189

5 index domains

Hazard families

18

Society, conflict and economy · Systemic and compound events.

Methods

123

Financial risk · Sovereign, macro and development

Counts from the indicator, hazard and model registries.
3
domain indices
189
indicators in scope
2
hazard domains
5
client groups

01Scope

Scope and questions

The subject is the one named by the Nexus Reports programme for this code.

  1. Where is fiscal space thinnest when shocks arrive?
  2. Which financial systems amplify physical and transition stress?
  3. How do external dependence and currency risk interact?
02Construction

Domain indices to the series index

The series index is the expert-weighted geometric mean of its domain indices, with the intervals and class rule of the methodology.

computation

How the Global Finance and economy index is built

Graph7 nodes
Graph
01Domain indices
02Series index
03Readings

100%
List
  1. Fiscal and public debt risk

    Domain index · IDX · FIS
    Expert-weighted geometric mean of the six fiscal sub-indices and the MAC external vulnerability sub-index, each on 0–10 and floored at 0.1 before aggregation.
  2. Financial stability risk

    Domain index · IDX · FIN
    Expert-weighted Mazziotta–Pareto aggregation of the six financial sub-indices and the MAC macroeconomic instability sub-index, each on 0–10, with a penalty for unbalanced profiles.
  3. External dependence risk

    Domain index · IDX · ECO
    Weighted arithmetic mean of the four ECO sub-indices and the MAC external vulnerability sub-index, each on 0–10.
  4. Global Finance and economy index

    Series index · SERIES · GS-05
    Fiscal and public debt risk, financial stability, external dependence, inflation and growth at risk, and the macro-financial channels of physical and transition risk.
  5. Country readings

    Output · OUTPUT · 195 profiles
    Published with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
  6. Regional readings

    Output · OUTPUT · 5 regions
    Published with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
  7. Global reading

    Output · OUTPUT · population or exposure weighted
    Published with intervals and classes when the edition is released.
Not runIn progressDone
FIG 2. Select a domain index to open its full construction; Simulate run plays the computation. Schematic of the construction; source: Indicator Standard composite definitions.
03Indices

Domain indices in this series

The Global Risks Index · GS-05 · 195 profiles · 0–10 scale
Global Finance and economy index, world
–
Values publish with the edition; the interval, class and change appear here.
குறியீட்டெண் மதிப்பு மாற்றம் Change % 90% interval Class · probability Trend Range
Fiscal and public debt riskNXS-GRX · FIS – – – – –
Financial stability riskNXS-GRX · FIN – – – – –
External dependence riskNXS-GRX · ECO – – – – –

Domains read: Fiscal and public debt, Financial system, Economic structure and trade, Macroeconomy, Climate.

04Indicators

189 indicators in scope

Every indicator whose primary or secondary domain is in scope, with unit, levels and crosswalks to source code lists.

FIG 3 · Indicators in scope, by domain and sub-domain
FIS · 37FIN · 32CLI · 31ECO · 18MAC · 14
Area is the number of indicator definitions; colour is the pillar the domain feeds (Macroeconomy and Space feed through their indices). Select a block to filter the table. Source: Indicator Standard Nexus Indicator Standard register.
Indicator Domain Sub-domain Component Unit Levels Crosswalks
Gross domestic product, current US dollarsIND.MAC.output.gdp.usd MAC Output and growth context [USD] COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.MKTP.CD IMF_WEO NGDPD
GDP per capita, PPP (ICP 2021)IND.MAC.output.gdp_per_capita.ppp21 MAC Output and growth coping capacity [USD] COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
Real GDP growthIND.MAC.output.real_gdp_growth MAC Output and growth vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG IMF_WEO NGDP_RPCH
Volatility of real GDP growth (10-year)IND.MAC.output.growth_volatility MAC Output and growth vulnerability % COUNTRY
Consumer price inflationIND.MAC.prices.cpi_inflation MAC Prices and inflation vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG IMF_WEO PCPIPCH
Food price inflationIND.MAC.prices.food_inflation MAC Prices and inflation vulnerability % COUNTRY FAO_FAOSTAT CP
Current account balance, share of GDPIND.MAC.external.current_account.gdp MAC External balance and reserves vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS IMF_WEO BCA_NGDPD
Reserves in months of importsIND.MAC.external.reserves_import_cover MAC External balance and reserves coping capacity mo COUNTRY WB_WDI FI.RES.TOTL.MO
Short-term external debt, share of reservesIND.MAC.external.short_term_debt_to_reserves MAC External balance and reserves vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.DSTC.IR.ZS
External debt stocks, share of GNIIND.MAC.external.external_debt.gni MAC External balance and reserves vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.DECT.GN.ZS
Exchange-rate volatility (36-month)IND.MAC.monetary.exchange_rate_volatility MAC Monetary and exchange-rate conditions vulnerability % COUNTRY
Unemployment rateIND.MAC.labour.unemployment_rate MAC Labour market vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS SDG 8.5.2 ILO UNE_DEAP_SEX_AGE_RT
Exports of goods and services, current US dollarsIND.MAC.external.exports.usd MAC External balance and reserves context [USD] COUNTRY WB_WDI BX.GSR.GNFS.CD WB_WDI NE.EXP.GNFS.CD
Volatility of the terms of trade (10-year)IND.MAC.external.terms_of_trade_volatility MAC External balance and reserves vulnerability % COUNTRY
General government overall balance, share of GDPIND.FIS.balance.overall_balance.gdp FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXCNL_NGDP WB_WDI GC.NLD.TOTL.GD.ZS
General government primary balance, share of GDPIND.FIS.balance.primary_balance.gdp FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXONLB_NGDP
General government structural balance, share of potential GDPIND.FIS.balance.structural_balance.potgdp FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGSB_NPGDP
Interest-rate-growth differential (r – g)IND.FIS.balance.interest_growth_differential FIS Fiscal balance vulnerability % COUNTRY
General government revenue, current US dollarsIND.FIS.revenue.total.usd FIS Revenue context [USD] COUNTRY IMF_GFS 1
General government revenue, share of GDPIND.FIS.revenue.total.gdp FIS Revenue coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGR_NGDP SDG 17.1.1 WB_WDI GC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS
Tax revenue, share of GDPIND.FIS.revenue.tax.gdp FIS Revenue coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS IMF_GFS 11
Tax effort (actual over estimated tax capacity)IND.FIS.revenue.tax_effort FIS Revenue adaptive capacity 1 COUNTRY
Natural-resource revenue, share of general government revenueIND.FIS.revenue.resource_revenue_share FIS Revenue vulnerability % COUNTRY
General government expenditure, share of GDPIND.FIS.expenditure.total.gdp FIS Expenditure context % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGX_NGDP WB_WDI GC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS
Rigid expenditure, share of revenueIND.FIS.expenditure.rigid_share.revenue FIS Expenditure vulnerability % COUNTRY
Interest payments, share of revenueIND.FIS.expenditure.interest.revenue FIS Expenditure vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI GC.XPN.INTP.RV.ZS
General government gross debt, share of GDPIND.FIS.debt.gross_debt.gdp FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXWDG_NGDP WB_WDI GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS
General government net debt, share of GDPIND.FIS.debt.net_debt.gdp FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_WEO GGXWDN_NGDP
Foreign-currency share of general government debtIND.FIS.debt.fx_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY
Short-term share of general government debt (residual maturity)IND.FIS.debt.short_term_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY
Average time to maturity of general government debtIND.FIS.debt.average_maturity FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability a COUNTRY
Non-resident holdings of general government debtIND.FIS.debt.nonresident_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY
Concessional share of public external debtIND.FIS.debt.concessional_share FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.ALLC.ZS
Present value of public external debt, share of GDPIND.FIS.debt.external_ppg_pv.gdp FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.PVLX.GN.ZS
Present value of public external debt, share of exportsIND.FIS.debt.external_ppg_pv.exports FIS Debt stock and composition vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.DOD.PVLX.EX.ZS
Public gross financing needs, share of GDPIND.FIS.financing.gross_financing_needs.gdp FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Public external debt service, share of revenueIND.FIS.financing.external_ppg_debt_service.revenue FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Public external debt service, share of exportsIND.FIS.financing.external_ppg_debt_service.exports FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.TDS.DPPG.XP.ZS SDG 17.4.1
Sovereign bond spread over benchmarkIND.FIS.financing.sovereign_spread FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Five-year sovereign credit default swap spreadIND.FIS.financing.sovereign_cds_5y FIS Gross financing needs vulnerability % COUNTRY
Debt of non-financial public corporations, share of GDPIND.FIS.contingent.soe_debt.gdp FIS Contingent liabilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
Outstanding government guarantees, share of GDPIND.FIS.contingent.guarantees.gdp FIS Contingent liabilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
Expected annual fiscal cost of disasters, share of GDPIND.FIS.contingent.disaster_fiscal_cost.gdp FIS Contingent liabilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF composite indicator score (published, reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_composite_indicator FIS Debt-carrying capacity coping capacity {score} COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: PV of external debt to GDP (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.pv_ext_gdp FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: PV of external debt to exports (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.pv_ext_exports FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: external debt service to exports (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.ds_ext_exports FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF threshold: external debt service to revenue (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.ds_ext_revenue FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF benchmark: PV of total public debt to GDP (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_threshold.pv_public_gdp FIS Debt-carrying capacity context % COUNTRY
LIC-DSF risk of debt distress, as published (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.lic_dsf_risk_published FIS Debt-carrying capacity context {class} COUNTRY
SRDSF overall risk of sovereign stress, as published (reference)IND.FIS.capacity.srdsf_risk_published FIS Debt-carrying capacity context {class} COUNTRY
Regulatory capital to risk-weighted assetsIND.FIN.capital.regulatory_capital_rwa FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKRC_PT
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assetsIND.FIN.capital.tier1_rwa FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKRTC_PT
Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assetsIND.FIN.capital.cet1_rwa FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCET_PT
Capital to total assets (leverage)IND.FIN.capital.capital_to_assets FIN Capital adequacy coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKA_PT WB_WDI FB.BNK.CAPA.ZS
Non-performing loans net of provisions to capitalIND.FIN.capital.npl_net_capital FIN Capital adequacy vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSKNL_PT
Non-performing loans to total gross loansIND.FIN.asset_quality.npl_ratio FIN Asset quality vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSANL_PT WB_WDI FB.AST.NPER.ZS
Provisions to non-performing loansIND.FIN.asset_quality.provisions_to_npl FIN Asset quality coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSPN_PT
Loan concentration by economic activityIND.FIN.asset_quality.loan_concentration FIN Asset quality vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCLE_PT
Bank claims on general government, share of bank assetsIND.FIN.asset_quality.sovereign_exposure FIN Asset quality vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSASDG_PT
Return on assetsIND.FIN.earnings.roa FIN Earnings coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSERA_PT
Return on equityIND.FIN.earnings.roe FIN Earnings coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSERE_PT
Liquid assets to total assetsIND.FIN.liquidity.liquid_assets_total FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSLT_PT WB_WDI FD.RES.LIQU.AS.ZS
Liquid assets to short-term liabilitiesIND.FIN.liquidity.liquid_assets_st_liabilities FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSLS_PT
Liquidity coverage ratioIND.FIN.liquidity.lcr FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSLCR_PT
Net stable funding ratioIND.FIN.liquidity.nsfr FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSNSF_PT
Customer deposits to total non-interbank loansIND.FIN.liquidity.deposits_to_loans FIN Liquidity and funding coping capacity % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCD_PT
Net open foreign-exchange position to capital (absolute)IND.FIN.fx.net_open_position_capital FIN Foreign-exchange risk vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSSNO_PT
Foreign-currency loans, share of total loans (credit dollarisation)IND.FIN.fx.fx_loans_share FIN Foreign-exchange risk vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSFC_PT
Foreign-currency deposits, share of total deposits (deposit dollarisation)IND.FIN.fx.fx_deposits_share FIN Foreign-exchange risk vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSFCD_PT
Domestic credit to the private sector, share of GDPIND.FIN.depth.private_credit.gdp FIN Financial depth and inclusion context % COUNTRY WB_WDI FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS WB_WDI GFDD.DI.14
Credit-to-GDP gap (BIS)IND.FIN.depth.credit_gap FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY
Real growth of credit to the private sectorIND.FIN.depth.private_credit_growth FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSCGPS_PT
Household debt, share of GDPIND.FIN.depth.household_debt.gdp FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSHG_PT
Non-financial corporate debt, share of GDPIND.FIN.depth.nfc_debt.gdp FIN Financial depth and inclusion vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSTDGDP_PT
Account ownership, adultsIND.FIN.depth.account_ownership FIN Financial depth and inclusion coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS SDG 8.10.2
Real residential property price growthIND.FIN.housing.real_house_price_growth FIN Real estate vulnerability % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSREPRR_PC_CP_A_PT
House price-to-income ratio, deviation from long-run averageIND.FIN.housing.price_to_income_gap FIN Real estate vulnerability % COUNTRY, CITY
Assets of other financial corporations, share of GDPIND.FIN.nbfi.ofc_assets.gdp FIN Non-bank financial intermediation context % COUNTRY IMF_FSI FSFAG_PT
Insurance penetration (premiums to GDP)IND.FIN.nbfi.insurance_penetration FIN Non-bank financial intermediation coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI GFDD.DI.09 WB_WDI GFDD.DI.10
Natural-catastrophe protection gapIND.FIN.nbfi.nat_cat_protection_gap FIN Non-bank financial intermediation vulnerability % REGION, COUNTRY
Bank exposure to carbon-intensive sectorsIND.FIN.climate_finance.carbon_intensive_exposure FIN Climate-related financial exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Bank lending exposed to high physical climate riskIND.FIN.climate_finance.physical_risk_lending FIN Climate-related financial exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Trade openness (exports plus imports, share of GDP)IND.ECO.trade.trade_openness.gdp ECO Trade exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS
International tourism receipts, share of exportsIND.ECO.trade.tourism_receipts.exports ECO Trade vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI ST.INT.RCPT.XP.ZS
Personal remittances received, share of GDPIND.ECO.trade.remittances.gdp ECO Trade exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS SDG 17.3.2
Net official development assistance received, share of GNIIND.ECO.trade.oda_dependence.gni ECO Trade exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS
Export product concentration (normalised HHI)IND.ECO.concentration.export_product_hhi ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Export market concentration (normalised HHI)IND.ECO.concentration.export_market_hhi ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Commodity export dependenceIND.ECO.concentration.commodity_export_share ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN WB_WDI TX.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN WB_WDI TX.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN WB_WDI TX.VAL.AGRI.ZS.UN
Manufactures, share of merchandise exportsIND.ECO.concentration.manufactures_export_share ECO Export and import concentration adaptive capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI TX.VAL.MANF.ZS.UN
Natural-resource rents, share of GDPIND.ECO.concentration.natural_resource_rents.gdp ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS
Economic complexity indexIND.ECO.concentration.economic_complexity ECO Export and import concentration adaptive capacity {score} COUNTRY
Food imports, share of merchandise importsIND.ECO.concentration.food_import_share ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN
Fuel imports, share of merchandise importsIND.ECO.concentration.fuel_import_share ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN
Net import reliance for critical mineralsIND.ECO.concentration.critical_minerals_import_reliance ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability % COUNTRY
Import origin concentration (normalised HHI)IND.ECO.concentration.import_partner_hhi ECO Export and import concentration vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Foreign value added share of gross exportsIND.ECO.supply_chain.gvc_backward_participation ECO Supply-chain exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Supplier concentration of intermediate-goods importsIND.ECO.supply_chain.intermediate_supplier_concentration ECO Supply-chain exposure vulnerability % COUNTRY
Seaborne trade exposed to maritime chokepointsIND.ECO.supply_chain.chokepoint_exposure ECO Supply-chain exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Foreign direct investment net inflows, share of GDPIND.ECO.investment.fdi_inflows.gdp ECO Investment coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS
Surface warming since pre-industrialIND.CLI.physical_chronic.warming_since_preindustrial CLI Chronic physical change hazard K GLOBAL, REGION, COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID FAO_FAOSTAT ET
Change in annual precipitationIND.CLI.physical_chronic.precipitation_change CLI Chronic physical change hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Relative sea-level rise rateIND.CLI.physical_chronic.relative_sea_level_trend CLI Chronic physical change hazard mm/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE UNDRR_HIPS_2025 EN0402
Hottest day of the year (TXx)IND.CLI.physical_acute.txx CLI Acute climate extremes hazard Cel COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID
Share of warm days (TX90p)IND.CLI.physical_acute.tx90p CLI Acute climate extremes hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Change in very hot days (35 °C or more)IND.CLI.physical_acute.hot_days_change CLI Acute climate extremes hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID
Warm spell duration (WSDI)IND.CLI.physical_acute.warm_spell_duration CLI Acute climate extremes hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Wettest day of the year (Rx1day)IND.CLI.physical_acute.rx1day CLI Acute climate extremes hazard mm COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID
Wettest five days of the year (Rx5day)IND.CLI.physical_acute.rx5day CLI Acute climate extremes hazard mm COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Precipitation from very wet days (R95pTOT)IND.CLI.physical_acute.very_wet_day_share CLI Acute climate extremes hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Longest dry spell (CDD)IND.CLI.physical_acute.consecutive_dry_days CLI Acute climate extremes hazard d COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Assets vulnerable to climate-related physical risks, shareIND.CLI.physical_acute.physical_risk_vulnerable_assets.share CLI Acute climate extremes exposure % SITE, PORTFOLIO IFRS_S2 29(c)
Projected warming since pre-industrialIND.CLI.projection.projected_warming CLI Scenario projections hazard K GLOBAL, REGION, COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Projected change in hottest-day temperatureIND.CLI.projection.projected_txx_change CLI Scenario projections hazard K COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Projected change in wettest five-day precipitationIND.CLI.projection.projected_rx5day_change CLI Scenario projections hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Projected relative sea-level riseIND.CLI.projection.projected_sea_level_rise CLI Scenario projections hazard m COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, SITE
Population below the future 100-year coastal flood level, shareIND.CLI.projection.slr_coastal_population_exposed.share CLI Scenario projections exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY WB_WDI EN.POP.EL5M.ZS
Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCFIND.CLI.emissions.ghg_total CLI Emissions exposure Mt/a COUNTRY WB_WDI EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5 SDG 13.2.2
Greenhouse gas emissions per capitaIND.CLI.emissions.ghg_per_capita CLI Emissions exposure t/a/{person} COUNTRY WB_WDI EN.GHG.ALL.PC.CE.AR5 EPI GHP
Carbon intensity of GDPIND.CLI.emissions.carbon_intensity_gdp CLI Emissions exposure kg/[USD] COUNTRY WB_WDI EN.GHG.CO2.RT.GDP.KD SDG 9.4.1
Financed emissions of a portfolioIND.CLI.emissions.financed_emissions CLI Emissions exposure Mt/a PORTFOLIO IFRS_S2 29(a)(vi)
Fossil-fuel rents, share of GDPIND.CLI.transition.fossil_fuel_rents.gdp CLI Transition exposure exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS WB_WDI NY.GDP.NGAS.RT.ZS WB_WDI NY.GDP.COAL.RT.ZS
Fuel exports, share of merchandise exportsIND.CLI.transition.fossil_fuel_exports.share CLI Transition exposure exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN
Explicit fossil-fuel subsidies, share of GDPIND.CLI.transition.fossil_fuel_subsidies.gdp CLI Transition exposure exposure % COUNTRY
Assets vulnerable to climate-related transition risks, shareIND.CLI.transition.transition_risk_vulnerable_assets.share CLI Transition exposure exposure % PORTFOLIO IFRS_S2 29(b)
NDC 2030 economy-wide emissions targetIND.CLI.transition.ndc_target_ambition CLI Transition exposure response % COUNTRY SDG 13.2.1
National adaptation plan submittedIND.CLI.adaptation.nap_submitted CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity {bool} COUNTRY SDG 13.2.1
Economic readiness for adaptation investmentIND.CLI.adaptation.economic_readiness CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity {score} COUNTRY ND_GAIN economic
Governance readiness for adaptationIND.CLI.adaptation.governance_readiness CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity {score} COUNTRY ND_GAIN governance
Social readiness for adaptationIND.CLI.adaptation.social_readiness CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity {score} COUNTRY ND_GAIN social
International adaptation finance received per capitaIND.CLI.adaptation.adaptation_finance_received.pc CLI Adaptation readiness adaptive capacity [USD] COUNTRY
Multi-hazard average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.multi.aal.gdp HAZ Multi-hazard impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Probable maximum loss at 250-year return period, share of GDPIND.HAZ.multi.pml_rp250.gdp HAZ Multi-hazard impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, PORTFOLIO
Earthquake average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.seismic.eq_aal.gdp HAZ Seismic and volcanic impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Population below 5 m elevation, shareIND.HAZ.coastal.low_elevation_population.share HAZ Coastal and sea level exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY WB_WDI EN.POP.EL5M.ZS
River flood average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.flood.flood_aal.gdp HAZ Flood impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, PORTFOLIO
Tropical cyclone average annual loss, share of GDPIND.HAZ.storm.tc_aal.gdp HAZ Tropical and severe storms impact % COUNTRY, ADM1, PORTFOLIO
Frequency of severe meteorological droughtIND.HAZ.drought.spei_drought_frequency HAZ Drought hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0401 INFORM HA.NAT.DR
Days of dangerous humid heat per yearIND.HAZ.heat.dangerous_heat_days HAZ Extreme heat hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0501
Extreme fire-weather days per yearIND.HAZ.wildfire.extreme_fire_weather_days HAZ Wildfire hazard d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, GRID
Produced capital stockIND.HAZ.exposure.capital_stock HAZ வெளிப்பாடு context [USD] COUNTRY, ADM1, PORTFOLIO
GDP generated in high-hazard zones, shareIND.HAZ.exposure.gdp_exposed.share HAZ வெளிப்பாடு exposure % COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY
Direct economic loss from disasters, share of GDPIND.HAZ.loss.direct_economic_loss.gdp HAZ Losses and impacts impact % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI C-1 SDG 1.5.2
Recorded disaster damage, share of GDP, 30-year averageIND.HAZ.loss.recorded_disaster_damage.gdp HAZ Losses and impacts impact % COUNTRY EMDAT Total Damage, Adjusted ('000 US$)
Annual tree cover loss rateIND.ENV.land.tree_cover_loss.share ENV Land and forests hazard % COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, GRID EPI TCL
Marine heatwave days per yearIND.ENV.ocean.marine_heatwave_days ENV Ocean hazard d/a COUNTRY, REGION, GRID UNDRR_HIPS_2025 MH0708
GDP in sectors highly dependent on nature, shareIND.ENV.nature_dependence.nature_dependent_gdp.share ENV Nature dependence exposure % COUNTRY, PORTFOLIO
Baseline water stress score (sub-basin)IND.WAT.stress.baseline_water_stress WAT Water stress hazard {score} COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID, SITE, PORTFOLIO
Water-use efficiencyIND.WAT.stress.water_use_efficiency WAT Water stress adaptive capacity [USD]/m3 COUNTRY SDG 6.4.1 WB_WDI ER.GDP.FWTL.M3.KD
GDP in GNSS-dependent activities, shareIND.SPC.dependence.gnss_dependent_gdp.share SPC Space-service dependence exposure % COUNTRY, PORTFOLIO UNDRR_HIPS_2025 ET0102
Malaria incidenceIND.HLT.burden.malaria_incidence HLT Disease burden and mortality hazard /10*3 COUNTRY WB_WDI SH.MLR.INCD.P3 SDG 3.3.3 WHO_GHO SDGMALARIA
Cereal import dependency ratioIND.FOO.availability.cereal_import_dependency FOO Availability vulnerability % COUNTRY FAO_FAOSTAT 21035
Food import bill, share of merchandise exportsIND.FOO.prices.food_import_bill_to_exports FOO Food prices vulnerability % COUNTRY FAO_FAOSTAT 21033
Agriculture, forestry and fishing value added, share of GDPIND.FOO.agriculture.agri_value_added.gdp FOO Agricultural production and dependence vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS
Employment in agriculture, share of total employmentIND.FOO.agriculture.agri_employment_share FOO Agricultural production and dependence vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS
Cereal yield variability (15-year)IND.FOO.agriculture.cereal_yield_variability FOO Agricultural production and dependence vulnerability % COUNTRY
Vegetation Health Index on croplandIND.FOO.agriculture.vegetation_health_index FOO Agricultural production and dependence hazard {score} COUNTRY, ADM1, ADM2, GRID
Female labour-force participation rateIND.SOC.gender.female_labour_participation SOC Gender adaptive capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS
Informal employment, share of total employmentIND.SOC.protection.informal_employment SOC Social protection vulnerability % COUNTRY SDG 8.3.1 ILO SDG_0831_SEX_ECO_RT WB_WDI SL.ISV.IFRM.ZS
Military expenditure, share of GDPIND.CON.violence.military_expenditure.gdp CON Organised violence vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS
Efficiency of revenue mobilisation (CPIA)IND.GOV.policy.tax_administration GOV Policy and institutional quality coping capacity {score} COUNTRY WB_WDI IQ.CPA.REVN.XQ
Deviation of budget execution from the approved budgetIND.GOV.policy.budget_execution_deviation GOV Policy and institutional quality vulnerability % COUNTRY SDG 16.6.1
Business environment score (B-READY)IND.GOV.business.bready_overall GOV Business environment coping capacity {score} COUNTRY
Renewable share of total final energy consumptionIND.ENE.mix.renewable_share_tfec ENE Energy mix adaptive capacity % COUNTRY SDG 7.2.1 WB_WDI EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS
Primary energy intensity of GDPIND.ENE.mix.energy_intensity ENE Energy mix vulnerability MJ/[USD] COUNTRY SDG 7.3.1 WB_WDI EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD
Fossil share of electricity generationIND.ENE.mix.fossil_electricity_share ENE Energy mix vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS
Installed renewable generating capacity per capitaIND.ENE.mix.renewable_capacity.pc ENE Energy mix adaptive capacity W/{person} COUNTRY SDG 7.b.1
Fuel import bill, share of exports of goods and servicesIND.ENE.security.fuel_import_bill.exports ENE Supply security and import dependence vulnerability % COUNTRY WB_WDI TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN
Crude oil and products import supplier concentrationIND.ENE.security.oil_import_concentration ENE Supply security and import dependence vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Natural gas import supplier concentrationIND.ENE.security.gas_import_concentration ENE Supply security and import dependence vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Coal import supplier concentrationIND.ENE.security.coal_import_concentration ENE Supply security and import dependence vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Heating and cooling degree daysIND.ENE.reliability.thermal_demand_degree_days ENE Reliability hazard K.d/a COUNTRY, ADM1, CITY, GRID
Critical-mineral import supplier concentrationIND.ENE.minerals.critical_mineral_import_concentration ENE Critical minerals vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Largest single supplier share of critical-mineral importsIND.ENE.minerals.critical_mineral_top_supplier_share ENE Critical minerals vulnerability % COUNTRY
Logistics performanceIND.INF.transport.logistics_performance INF Transport coping capacity {score} COUNTRY WB_WDI LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ
Liner shipping connectivity relative to the frontierIND.INF.transport.liner_shipping_connectivity INF Transport coping capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI IS.SHP.GCNW.XQ
Infrastructure investment gap, share of GDPIND.INF.utilities.infrastructure_investment_gap.gdp INF Utilities vulnerability % COUNTRY
Direct economic loss to critical infrastructure, share of GDPIND.INF.disruption.critical_infrastructure_loss.gdp INF Service disruption impact % COUNTRY, ADM1 SENDAI C-5
ICT services value added, share of GDPIND.CYB.dependence.ict_services_share.gdp CYB Digital dependence exposure % COUNTRY WB_WDI BX.GSR.CCIS.ZS
High-technology exports, share of manufactured exportsIND.TEC.capability.high_tech_exports TEC Technology capability adaptive capacity % COUNTRY WB_WDI TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS SDG 9.b.1
Semiconductor import supplier concentrationIND.TEC.concentration.semiconductor_import_concentration TEC Concentration and dependence vulnerability 1 COUNTRY
Disaster risk financing strategy adoptedIND.CRS.financing.drf_strategy CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity {bool} COUNTRY
Participation in a sovereign regional risk poolIND.CRS.financing.regional_risk_pool_membership CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity {bool} COUNTRY
Pre-arranged contingent disaster credit, share of GDPIND.CRS.financing.contingent_credit.gdp CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity % COUNTRY
Sovereign catastrophe risk transfer limit, share of GDPIND.CRS.financing.risk_transfer_cover.gdp CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity % COUNTRY
Natural-catastrophe insurance protection gapIND.CRS.financing.insurance_protection_gap CRS Risk financing and protection gap vulnerability % COUNTRY
Non-life insurance premiums, share of GDPIND.CRS.financing.non_life_insurance_penetration CRS Risk financing and protection gap coping capacity % COUNTRY
International official support for DRR received, share of GDPIND.CRS.response.international_drr_support.gdp CRS Response capacity coping capacity % COUNTRY SENDAI F-1
05அபாயங்கள்

Hazard families this series reads

families, each crosswalked to the UNDRR–ISC Hazard Information Profiles (2025) where a profile exists.

FIG 4 · Hazard families this series reads
SocietySystemic177HAZARDS
2 hazard domains (inner ring) and 18 families (outer ring), sized by hazard count. Select a segment to filter the table below. Source: Hazard Standard Nexus Hazard Standard.
Family Domain அபாயங்கள் Count
Organised and collective violence சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Interstate war, Internal armed conflict, Civil unrest, Terrorist attack, Communal and targeted violence 5
Conflict-induced harm சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Explosive remnants and landmines, Conflict-related environmental damage, Attacks on critical infrastructure, Siege and humanitarian access denial 4
Humanitarian crises சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Mass displacement, Acute food crisis, Famine, Water and resource conflict, Chronic malnutrition, Education disruption 6
Crowd and collective behaviour சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Crowd crush, Panic buying and hoarding, Self-harm and suicide cluster 3
Economic shocks and governance failure சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Financial market and banking shock, Sovereign debt crisis, Currency crisis, Commodity price shock, Governance breakdown, Hyperinflation, Housing affordability and insecurity crisis, Energy poverty 8
Geopolitical confrontation and strategic weapons சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Great-power war, Nuclear war, Nuclear winter, Nuclear escalation crisis, Accidental or unauthorised nuclear launch, Nuclear weapons proliferation, High-altitude electromagnetic pulse, Military threat to a nuclear facility … 15
Governance and institutional failure சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Coup d’etat, Democratic backsliding, Authoritarian lock-in, Institutional capture, Grand corruption shock, Rule-of-law breakdown, Mass surveillance, Repression of civic space … 18
Financial-system fragility சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Asset-bubble collapse, Property-market crash, Credit crunch, Non-bank financial run, Central counterparty or settlement failure, Government bond market dysfunction, Corporate default wave, Digital-asset collapse … 12
Macroeconomic and fiscal shocks சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Inflation shock, Stagflation, Deflationary spiral, Interest-rate shock, Capital-flow sudden stop, Severe national recession, Global recession, Local-government fiscal crisis … 12
Labour and technology transition சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Automation-driven job displacement, Skills mismatch, Mass unemployment surge, Critical labour shortage, Regional industrial decline, Large-scale labour strike, Informal and precarious work shock 7
Population structure and movement சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Rapid population ageing, Ultra-low fertility, Depopulation, Youth bulge with unemployment, Rapid unplanned urbanisation, Protracted displacement, Dangerous irregular migration, Climate-driven migration and relocation … 12
Social cohesion and atrocity risk சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Societal polarisation, Collapse of institutional trust, Inequality shock, Hate-crime wave, Incitement and dehumanising propaganda, Systematic persecution of a group, Genocide, Violent radicalisation … 9
Organised crime and illicit economies சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Transnational organised crime, Criminal governance of territory, Human trafficking, Migrant smuggling, Drug trafficking, Illicit arms trafficking, Illicit financial flows, Maritime piracy and armed robbery at sea … 12
Cultural heritage loss சமூகம், மோதல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் Deliberate destruction of cultural heritage, Looting and trafficking of cultural property, Climate and natural-hazard damage to heritage, Language extinction, Loss of traditional and Indigenous knowledge, Loss of archives and records, Overtourism degradation 7
Supply-chain and flow disruption Systemic and compound events Supply-chain disruption, Chokepoint blockage, Port or hub closure, Fuel and energy supply shock, Food supply-chain breakdown, Trade restriction or embargo, Single-source supplier failure, Cold-chain failure … 17
Cascading failure Systemic and compound events Interdependent infrastructure cascade, Blackout-driven service cascade, Water-energy-food cascade, Financial contagion, Health-system overload, Emergency-response overload, Digital dependency cascade, Lifeline restoration deadlock … 10
Compound and multi-hazard events Systemic and compound events Compound flooding, Concurrent heat and drought, Simultaneous multi-region crop failure, Cold-wave energy crunch, Heat-driven grid stress, Natech event, Successive hazards, Disaster during an epidemic … 9
Structural fragility of interconnected systems Systemic and compound events Critical single point of failure, Critical service provider concentration, Common-mode failure, Technology monoculture, Lean inventory fragility, Geographic clustering of critical production, Unmapped critical dependency, Tightly coupled automated systems … 11
06Methods

Method libraries

Each method has a reference implementation or declares the specialist model, data or adapter it still needs; none is promoted beyond its evidence.

57 methods

Financial risk

Probability of Default · Loss Given Default · Exposure at Default · Expected Credit Loss · Unexpected Credit Loss · Credit Migration · Structural Credit Merton …

28 methods

Sovereign, macro and development

Sovereign Default Risk · Debt Sustainability · Fiscal Stress · Debt Service Burden · FX Reserve Adequacy · External Vulnerability · Balance of Payments …

38 methods

Insurance and reinsurance

Technical Pricing · Frequency Severity Pricing · Exposure Rating · Experience Rating · Burning Cost · Catastrophe Pricing · Aggregate Loss Terms …

07Users

Who uses it

International financial institutions and development banks

Screen country and project context. Read fiscal resilience and protection gaps. Design pre-arranged finance questions.

Banks, asset managers and sovereign investors

Read sovereign and systemic context. Run climate pathway packs. Build portfolio postures.

Regulators, supervisors and central banks

Design supervisory scenarios. Read systemic coupling. Replicate methods.

Governments and national risk agencies

Prioritise prevention and preparedness. Plan with subnational layers. Track Sendai targets. Co-develop a national index.

Insurers, reinsurers and risk pools

Read hazard, exposure and protection-gap context. Run scenario and tail analytics. Study parametric index design questions.

08அறிக்கைகள்

Nexus Reports

Edition code
GS-05
Edition status
planned
Subject
Named by Nexus Reports

Nexus Reports

09Cite

Cite and reuse

GCRI Canada (2026). The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk)): Global Finance and economy series (GRX-SER-GS-05), Baseline Edition 2026. Preparatory working draft. https://risksindex.com/series/gs-05/ UNI NXS-GRX-AR-000063.
Series key
grix:SER.GS-05:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A
Domain keys
nis:IDX.FIS.debt.fiscal_risk:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A nis:IDX.FIN.capital.financial_stability_risk:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A nis:IDX.ECO.trade.external_dependence_risk:{ISO3}:{YEAR}:A

Every country reads this series

Each country profile carries the domain indices this series is built from.

Country profiles All series

நிலை

The methodology, structure and definitions of The Global Risks Index are a preparatory working draft (2026), circulated for review and comment and not for implementation. No value appears until an edition is released from a governed evidence cut; values then carry intervals, classes, sources and their correction pathway. Simulators run the published methods on numbers you choose and never show a NXS-GRX value.

What NXS-GRX is not

NXS-GRX is research and risk-analytics information. It is not a credit or ESG rating and uses no rating scale, not a benchmark for financial instruments, not official statistics, not an emergency warning or official classification, and not advice. It must not be used to evaluate natural persons. Risk classes are bands on a published scale, never rankings of countries or people.

Institutions and sources

The Nexus Consortium is stewarded by three independent not-for-profit institutions: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), through GCRI US in Washington, DC and GCRI Canada in Ontario, with GCRI Canada as Lead Institution, Consortium Secretariat and lead contracting organisation; The Global Risks Forum (GRF); and The Global Risks Alliance (GRA). Technology, infrastructure and service providers work with the Consortium at arm’s length under written agreements, like every other external party in the public-private-planet model, and hold no role in its stewardship.

Every value carries the attribution of its sources, which keep their own licences. External names are cited for interoperability only. Nexus-authored text is intended for CC BY 4.0 on release.

Avis en français

La méthodologie et les définitions du NXS-GRX sont un projet de travail préparatoire (2026). Le NXS-GRX est une information de recherche et d’analyse des risques : ni notation, ni indice de référence financier, ni statistique officielle, ni alerte, ni conseil. Les classes de risque sont des bandes sur une échelle publiée, non des classements.